How Did American and Japanese Gender Hierarchies Shape Japanese Women's Participation in the Transnational WCTU Movement in the 1880s?
Abstract
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This document project examines how American and Japanese gender hierarchies and ideologies affected the transnational expansion of the U.S.-based Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to Japan in the late 1880s by closely examining interactions among Mary C. Leavitt, a World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WWCTU) missionary, American Protestant foreign missionaries, and Japanese churchmen and women in the Tokyo-Yokohama region, Japan.
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