Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920

Biography of Ardelia Cook Dewing, 1831-1915

By Linda D. Wilson, Independent Historian, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Elizabeth Warburton Rochefort, Senior Architectural Historian, Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission, Providence, Rhode Island

President, Acting President, Chair of the Executive, the Finance, and Legislative Committees, and Auditor of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage Association (RIWSA); President of the Providence Woman Suffrage League; Rhode Island Vice President, the New England Woman Suffrage Association

Ardelia Cook (also spelled Cooke), the daughter of Welcome Ballou, a farmer, and Rhoda Wilcox (Pickering) Cook, was born on December 1, 1831, in Milford, Massachusetts. Her Ballou, Pickering, and Cook ancestors were historic families with roots in New England since the 1600s. On November 3, 1852, in Milford, she married Martin Dewing, a butcher from Bellingham, Massachusetts, and the couple moved to Woonsocket, Rhode Island. By 1860 the Dewings had moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where Martin developed a successful business as a wholesale dealer, cultivator, and shipper of local oysters and fish. Later, the Dewings also bought a summer house in Barrington, RI, In March 1903, he served as president of the Rhode Island Oyster Growers' Association. In December 1913, Ardelia held two thousand shares in the M. Dewing Company. The Dewings had two daughters, Mary Coombs Dewing, born August 20, 1853, and Ardelia Cook Dewing, born August 23, 1857. Daughter Ardelia Cook Dewing, who shared her name, married George D. Gladding, and worked alongside her mother as a leader in the Rhode Island suffrage movement.[LINK to daughter's bio sketch]

Ardelia C. Dewing actively participated in the woman suffrage movement at the local, state, regional, and national levels. Dewing's first reported involvement in the woman's suffrage movement was in October 1893, when she was elected auditor for the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage Association (RIWSA). She was elected president in 1895 of the Providence Woman Suffrage League, a local branch of the RIWSA. Dewing represented Rhode Island at the annual conventions of the New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) from circa 1896, when she presented a paper. As a delegate and as president of the RIWSA, she attended the annual conventions of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

In April 1894 the Providence Daily Journal reported that "President" Dewing read a paper on international law at the RIWSA monthly meeting. She was actually acting as president in the absence of President Elizabeth Buffam Chace. Surviving records report that Dewing served as acting president of RIWSA in the mid-1890s but provide conflicting years for her interim position. In October 1897, Dewing presided over the RIWSA annual meeting in the absence of President Chace. After Chace's death, Dewing was formally elected RIWSA president in 1899. She held that position until 1905, when she resigned due to her husband's death. In 1908 Dewing was chair of the organization meeting of the RIWSA. When the RIWSA held its annual meeting in October 1910, Dewing was nominated to chair the legislative committee. From 1909 through 1911, she chaired the RIWSA finance committee. Through the years she hosted monthly RIWSA meetings at her home.

In October 1911 the RIWSA honored Dewing with the title of honorary president, a position that the organization created for her. At a reception held in her honor, the then current president Elizabeth Upham Yates paid tribute to her, remarking that Dewing "had stood signally for the Equal Suffrage Movement since its earliest inception." After which Dewing replied, "I would rather be Honorary President of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage Association than to be President of the United States."

Dewing was also active in the Providence Woman Suffrage League, a local branch of the RIWSA. She served as president from 1895 to 1897. In January and February 1895, she held parlor meetings at her home and other women's homes. The small gatherings in different neighborhoods brought together potential suffragists, who generally shunned large meetings. At the league's monthly meeting in December 1895, pro-suffragist and Universalist minister Reverend James D. Tillinghast was the guest speaker and responded to a negaative editorial in The Providence Journal, in which it reported "so many bad women had recently voted in the election in Denver that women there are disgusted with woman suffrage, and that they ought to vote but once more, and then only to repeal the woman suffrage law." Following his remarks, President Dewing stated that when she was in Denver in the summer, she did not hear anyone talk about repealing the suffrage amendment. Colorado had passed woman suffrage in 1893. In November 1897, Dewing discussed how the Providence Woman Suffrage League could broaden their scope of influence beyond suffrage to other social and political issues such as education and temperance. At that meeting league members voted to study municipal government and the school system as it related to women.

Dewing also served as Rhode Island vice president of the New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) between 1901 and 1914. In February 1896 Dewing spoke before the NEWSA convention held in Providence, Rhode Island. Her topic was "Why the mother wants it [the ballot]?" She and her daughter also spoke at the NEWSA meetings held in 1905 and 1909.

Dewing frequently attended NAWSA national suffrage conventions, representing RIWSA. In February 1900 Dewing attended the NAWSA convention held in Washington, D.C. Two years later, Dewing presented a report on Rhode Island suffrage activities at the thirty-fourth annual convention of the NAWSA. As president of the RIWSA, Dewing reported to the NAWSA annual convention in February 1904. She remarked that the main issue of the previous year was "Presidential Suffrage for Women." She and her daughter Ardelia Gladding attended the 1908 NAWSA convention in Buffalo, New York. They reported about the convention to a large group of women, including the members of the Newport County Suffrage Association, and well as at a RISWA monthly meeting. At the March 1910 RIWSA monthly meeting, Dewing was selected as delegate to that year's NAWSA convention. In 1911 she became a life member of the NAWSA.

One of Dewing's most significant contributions to the Rhode Island suffrage movement involved her lobbying the state legislature from 1897 to 1910 in support of suffrage bills that would provide women the right to vote in presidential elections. She and other RIWSA suffragists regularly visited the State House to testify at hearings and to speak with legislators. The RIWSA first initiated petitions for presidential suffrage to the General Assembly in 1892. They continued to petition until 1917, when Governor Livingston Beeckman signed the suffrage bill. Dewing joined the petitioning efforts in 1897.

In 1917 Rhode Island Governor Lucius F. C. Garvin appointed a committee to revise the state constitution. The committee granted the RIWSA a hearing. Noted Rhode Island suffragist, Reverend Anna Garlin Spencer, introduced prominent and influential men and women, including Dewing, to the assemblage. Dewing questioned why women should be taxed when they were not allowed to vote. She pointed out that African American men had previously been exempted from paying taxes, because they did not have the franchise. However, after forty years the law was repealed when African American men gained the ballot through the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. At the RIWSA meeting in December 1897, members composed a letter signed by Vice President Dewing and members of the suffrage association, asking about the outcome of the revision of the Rhode Island constitution and "to weigh carefully the quest of woman's enfranchisement." On December 25, 1897, The Woman's Journal published Dewing's letter to the editors in which she presented the full content of the letter to the Revision Commission.

In January 1898, the RIWSA elected Dewing chair of the Executive Committee. The October 1898 RIWSA annual meeting commemorated fifty years of suffrage work since the women's rights meeting in Seneca Falls, New York. Numerous papers were read relating to the topic of "Woman's Progress in Fifty Years." Dewing, as acting president, made remarks at the conclusion of the afternoon session.

In January 1900 a large group from the RIWSA attended the memorial service of its founding member and past president Elizabeth Buffam Chace at the Westminster Unitarian Church in Providence. Dewing made the opening remarks with "a few grateful and appropriate words." Other speakers included Julia Ward Howe, Henry Blackwell, Reverend Anna Garlin Spencer, Ellen Bolles, and Charles B. Chace.

In March 1900 the RIWSA formulated a new petition to allow women the right to vote in presidential elections. Dewing was appointed as chair of the committee to present at the General Assembly. At the annual meeting of the RIWSA in October 1902, the association members unanimously voted "to petition the Legislature to enact a law enabling the women of Rhode Island to help appoint the Presidential electors." Henry Blackwell, as guest speaker, discussed presidential suffrage and the need for women to participate in state and national government.

At the thirty-second annual meeting of the RIWSA held in October 1900, President Dewing welcomed members and guests. She remarked that "the issue of woman suffrage as worthy of the most serious consideration. She said its advocates could be found in every civilized nation, but that the reason no better progress had been made was due to the lack of unity of effort. "Only through union and organization," she said, "can success result."

The RIWSA appointed Ardelia C. Dewing, Annie M. Jewett, and Jeannette S. French to send a circular letter to prominent men and women asking for their opinion on presidential suffrage rights for women. The group sent a letter regarding presidential suffrage and a petition from the RIWSA to the Rhode Island State Senate. On March 9, 1903, Dewing spoke before the Senate regarding women's right to vote for presidential electors. Governor Garvin additionally remarked about the favorable results in the West, where women had attained the franchise and that Rhode Island women should be given the same opportunity. The commission deferred action on the petition, because it needed to be written as an amendment to the constitution.

In January 1904, Senator Grafton I. Kenyon and Representative Benjamin Franklin Wilbour introduced a presidential suffrage bill in the Rhode Island state legislature. Wilbour chaired the House Committee on Special Legislation and held a hearing at which Dewing, Governor Garvin, Jeannette French, and other suffragists spoke. Although the committee spoke in favor of the petition, the House defeated the measure. In March 1907 Dewing and approximately twenty other suffragists petitioned for the presidential suffrage bill in the House. That month Dewing's daughter Ardelia Gladding read her mother's letter before the Rhode Island legislature. In April 1908, the Committee on Special Elections of the Rhode Island Legislature heard petitioners, including Dewing, for the presidential suffrage measure. She was also present and made remarks at the 1909 and 1910 hearings. At the March 1910 hearing, Dewing paid tribute to the men who advocated women's suffrage.

In January 1905, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw spoke at the monthly meeting of the RIWSA. A large audience was in attendance and stayed for a brief reception after the meeting when Dewing and Shaw received them. In March 1905 RIWSA President Dewing appointed her daughter Ardelia Gladding and two other suffragists to a committee to "solicit new members by personal work," including trying to attract more college students to the suffrage movement. Dewing had previously lobbied Brown University President Ezekiel G. Robinson to grant degrees to women, which occurred in 1892. In February 1906, Dewing and her daughter Ardelia Gladding invited Maud Park, a Radcliffe graduate and co-founder of the national College Equal Suffrage League. Park spoke to the women students of Pembroke College, the women's department of Brown University. Dewing and her daughter held a reception for Park at Dewing's home. The Rhode Island chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League was officially organized on December 14, 1907, with eighteen charter members. College women brought new energy and membership to the suffrage movement.

Dewing explained her ideas about educated women and suffrage in an essay titled "Progress" that was published in The Woman Citizen, RIWSA's newspaper, and The Newport Mercury in 1905. She stated that women should have the franchise because they were better educated than in the past, more knowledgeable about current affairs, and were entering professional occupations in increasing numbers. She asked, "Does any thinking person doubt that these thousands of educated women are unequal to the great responsibilities of active and representative citizenship? And should not the intellect and strength of these women be utilized in the progress of the nation?"

The October 1905 minutes of the annual RIWSA meeting stated that Ardelia Dewing could not attend and that she tendered her resignation as president due to her husband's death. She urged the members to "take hold of the [suffrage] work with courage and faith which she believes will enable them to accomplish greater results than ever before." At that meeting her daughter Ardelia Gladding was elected vice president. Dewing's last presidential report reflected on the previous year's work and the fact that woman's suffrage was no longer a theory, but a fact in four western states that had granted the franchise to women.

Despite her resignation as president, Dewing remained an active member of RIWSA. In April 1906, the RIWSA held a special memorial meeting in honor of Susan B. Anthony, who had died recently. Numerous association members gave presentations including Ardelia Dewing and her daughter Ardelia Gladding. Dewing gave a tribute to Anthony and read extracts from Anthony's letters that related to the Rhode Island suffrage work, noting the twenty-five-dollar annual prize "for the best essay on suffrage written by a member of the graduating class of Pembroke Hall, Brown [University]." Her daughter read portions of the eulogy given at Anthony's funeral by Carrie Chapman Catt.

As delegates from the local Council of Women Dewing and her daughter Ardelia Gladding attended the International Arbitration and Peace Conference held at Carnegie Hall in New York City in April 1907. One of the purposes of the conference was to arouse public attention to the upcoming Hague Conference to be held in the Netherlands in June 1907 and to influence President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of State Elihu Root to support international peace efforts.

On March 4, 1911, Mary (Mrs. Barton A.) Ballou entertained the RIWSA with an afternoon suffrage tea. Dewing and Annie M. Jewett assisted Ballou in receiving guests. Ballou's music room was filled with yellow (the suffrage color) daffodils, daisies, jonquils, and freesia. The program included music selections as well as an address by Dewing's daughter Ardelia Gladding, who gave a report on how the ballot was won in Washington state. At the RIWSA May 1912 reception and tea, tribute was paid to deceased past president Elizabeth Buffam Chace. Honorary President Dewing, who had a long and personal relationship with Chace, gave personal reminiscences.

In addition to her suffrage activism, Dewing was active in numerous charitable organizations. In 1886 she was a founding member and secretary of the Rhode Island Nursery Association for Homeless Infants. The organization solicited clothing, bedding, furniture, money, and other necessities to help the children placed in the Sophia Little Home in Providence. From 1887 to 1888 Dewing served as manager of the organization. In 1889 she was vice president and apparently was elected president in 1890. By 1895, Dewing served on the board of directors. She also served as vice president of the Woman's City Missionary in Providence in 1891 and apparently continued in that capacity through 1910. She was member of the Elmwood Avenue Free Baptist Church in Providence.

In 1878 Dewing joined the Rhode Island Women's Club that had organized two years earlier. As a life member, she served on various committees and wrote papers for the club. During her lifetime, Dewing was an officer in the local Council of Women. Additionally, she was affiliated with Providence YWCA, the Rhode Island Humane Society, and the Rhode Island Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

One of the last functions that Ardelia Dewing attended was the lecture by famed suffragist, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, in January 1915. Dewing died of bronchitis on March 21, 1915 in Providence, Rhode Island. Her husband Martin Dewing had previously died on June 16, 1905. Both are buried in the Swan Point Cemetery in Providence. In her will, Ardelia Dewing bequeathed five hundred dollars to the RIWSA. Her obituaries described her as "a pioneer in woman suffrage in Rhode Island." The Rhode Island state government ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in January 1920; that May, RIWSA (which had been renamed the Rhode Island Equal Suffrage Association) held an event where the leaders and members donated its organizational records to the Rhode Island State Archives for historical preservation. At that celebration, Ardelia Gladding read a tribute to her mother Ardelia Dewing who did not live to witness the achievements of presidential suffrage in Rhode Island or the constitutional amendment.

Sources:

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