HELD AT METROPOLITAN HALL

IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK

On Thursday and Friday Sept. 1st and 2d. 1853.

CONTAINING

1. THE CALL AND PROCEEDINGS AT BRICK CHURCH--PRELIMINARY MEETING.

2. MEETING OF SECEDING DELEGATES.

3. MEETING AT THE BROADWAY TABERNACLE, TO REVIEW THE PROCEEDINGS AT BRICK CHURCH.

4. CALL FOR THE WHOLE WORLD'S CONVENTION.

5. SPEECHES AND DOINGS OF THE CONVENTION.

6. LIST OF DELEGATES BY SOCIETIES AND STATES.

7. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF DELEGATES.

8. APPENDIX WITH LETTERS ESSAYS AND COMMENTS OF THE PRESS.

NEW YORK:
FOWLERS AND WELLS PUBLISHERS

CLINTON HALL 131 NASSAU STREET.

1853.

Call, Whole World's Temperance Convention, July 15, 1853

[CALL.]

WHOLE WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION.

Whereas, In response to a call for a preliminary meeting of the friends of Temperance in North America, to make arrangements for a World's Temperance Convention in the City of New York, during the World's Fair, a meeting assembled in that City, on the 12th of May, 1853, which assumed the power to exclude several regularly elected Delegates because they were Women;

And whereas, A portion of the members of that meeting retired from it, regarding it as false both to the letter and spirit of the call;

The undersigned, consisting in part of such seceding Delegates, hereby invite all those in favor of a WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION, which shall be true to its name, to meet in the City of New York on Thursday and Friday, the 1st and 2d of September next, to consider the present needs of the Temperance Reform.

New York, July 16, 1858.

Preface to the Whole World's Temperance Convention

[p. 1]

Call for the Preliminary Meeting

The following call appeared in the N. Y. Tribune, April, 7, 1853:

WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION.--The undersigned, in concurrence with a resolution of the Massachusetts Temperance Convention, respectfully invite the friends of Temperance in each State, and in Canada, to appoint some person or persons to meet in the City of New York, on Thursday the 12th of May next, at 9 A. M., to make arrangements for the holding of a great Temperance Convention, in said City, during the World's Fair. Place of meeting will be duly notified. All communications relative to such Convention may be addressed to Rev. E. W. JACKSON, Philadelphia. Papers friendly will please copy.

R. H. WALWORTH, of N. Y.

SAMUEL LUCKEY, of N. Y.

JOHN MARSH, OF N. Y,

NEAL DOW, of Me.

THOMAS R. JONES, of N. H.

T. W. HIGGINSON, of Mass.

A. C. BARSTOW, of R. I.

F. B. BETTS, of N. J.

E. W. JACKSON, of Pa.

S. F. CAREY, of Ohio.

F. YATES, of Michigan.

C. KEENER, of Maryland.

JOHN DOUGAL, of Montreal.

New York, April 6, 1853.

The following report of the doings at the preliminary meeting is taken from the Tribune and the Herald of May 13, 1853:

WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION.

Meeting of Delegates.

EXCITING PROCEEDINGS; EXPULSION OF FEMALE DELEGATES.

Agreeably to a call previously published, a number of the friends of Temperance met yesterday morning in the Lecture Room of the Brick Church, with a view to adopt the necessary preliminaries to hold a grand World's Convention in the City of New York, some time during the

[p. 2]

Rev. John Marsh, of New York, moved that all gentlemen present; who were friends of Temperance, be admitted as delegates.

Dr. Trall, of New York, stated that there were delegates present from the Women's State Temperance Society, and moved that the word "ladies" be inserted in the motion offered by Mr. Marsh, which was carried unanimously.

The motion as amended was then adopted, and the names of the gentlemen and ladies present were collected by the Secretaries, and enrolled by States. Those holding credentials also handed them in to the Secretaries.

Hon. Neal Dow, of Maine; Hon. Zimri Howe, of Vt.; Rev. Dr. Hewitt, of Conn.; Rev. T. W. Higginson, of Mass.; Rev. John Marsh, of N. Y.; E. W. Jackson, of Penn.; Hon. T. B. Segur, of N. H.; Dr. Snodgrass, of Md.; Gen. Cocke, of Va.; Isaac Trescott, of Ohio; John Arbuckle, of Prince Edward's Island; and Mr. Seeley, of New-Brunswick, were appointed a Business Committee.

Mr. Higginson, of Massachusetts, one of the above-named Committee, rose and said--That as women were very properly acting as delegates in the Convention, they should be represented on the Committee, and moved that Miss Susan B. Anthony, of Rochester, be admitted a member of the above-named Committee.

Dr. Hewett hereupon arose and said, that in certain parts of the country women had received a good deal of celebrity and notoriety. He did not mean to disparage them; but it was quite sufficient for his purpose merely to state that he was not prepared to give to women that prominent place in arranging the affairs of mankind which hitherto was the province, and was given to others. It was with very great hesitation, and not without a sacrifice of feeling, that he was induced to take the stand he was determined upon in relation to the subject now before the convention. His years, and the place he had occupied in the great work of temperance, betrayed some of the relics of a former age; and he was not prepared to acquiesce in any such invasion as would tend to interfere with the settled laws of society--"revolution was one thing and reformation was another."

Rev. Mr. Fowler, of Utica, hoped the motion of the gentleman from Massachusetts

[p. 3]

(Mr. Higginson) would not be pressed. If so, and it prevailed, those ladies, as well as others, should be appointed.

Mr. Higginson was proceeding to reply, when he was interrupted by cries of "Out of order," "Lay the motion on the table," and loud demonstrations of disapprobation, when the following were handed in by Mrs. Lydia F. Fowler, of New York. The names of the other ladies were Miss Mary S. Rich, Miss Emily Clark, of Le Roy, N. Y.; Miss Anthony, of Rochester; Mrs. Mary Vaughn, Oswego; Lucy Stone, Mass; and Abby K. Foster, Mass. Their unexpected presence created quite a sensation. The following is a copy of the credentials of Mrs. Fowler:

Seneca Falls, N. Y., April 25, 1853.

To Mrs. Lydia F. Fowler:--

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of "Woman's New York Temperance Society," held at Seneca Falls on the 23d instant, you were appointed a delegate to attend the meeting called by Neal Dow, to be held in your city on the 12th May, to make arrangements for holding a World's Temperance Convention in New York some time during the World's Fair.

AMELIA BLOOMER, Corresponding Secretary.

The other document read as follows:

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the "Woman's New York Temperance Society," held on the 23d inst, the following persons were appointed as delegates to attend a meeting to be held in New York City, on 12th May, for the purpose of making arrangements for a World's Temperance Convention, some time during the World's Fair, viz:--Mrs. E. F. Ellet, Mrs. Horace Greeley, Mrs. L. F. Fowler, Miss Mary Rich, Miss Emily Clark, (Le Roy, N. Y.,) and Susan B. Anthony. S. B. ANTHONY,

Secretary Woman's State Temperance Society.

The question on Mr. Higginson's motion to receive the name of Miss Anthony was then put from the chair, and negatived, amid some excitement, when

Mr. Thompson, of Mass, rose and said this was a "World's Temperance Convention," and the great portion of the world had to be represented, if they desired it understood that this was World's Convention at all. He would, therefore, move a reconsideration, and to take the motion from the table.

Mr. Higginson here rose, and requested to have his name stricken out from the list appointed to act as a business committee. He would give his reasons if permitted to do so.

The convention voted by a small majority not to receive Mr. Higginson's resignation and the committee retired.

Hon. Bradford R. Wood, of Albany, then moved that the convention do adjourn sine die, for there is party here who are abound to run this affair right straight into the ground, and they came here for that express purpose, and no other; but on request, he withdrew the motion, and moved that a Committee on Credentials be appointed.

[p. 4]

Rev. John Chambers, Hon. Bradford R. Wood, and Dr. Condit were appointed such committee.

Rev. Mr. Marsh--Let the matter be referred to the committee just selected, and they can then report.

Mr. Higginson--I am not here, Mr. Chairman, as a gentleman or as a lady, but as a friend of temperance; and that committee is not a fair representation of the friends of temperance, when you exclude women, who have attended here in compliance with your call. He though that in a World's Convention woman should be represented, otherwise it would be only a Semi-World's Convention. The ladies present have done good work in the cause in this city, through the State of New York, and in the Assembly. He felt the they were entitled to have an equal voice in the proceedings.

Rev. Mr. Fowler, of Utica--I hope the gentleman will be excused from serving, as he desire it.

Chairman--I should be sorry if he did. He is a very active member, and did a great deal to bring about this convention.

Mrs. Abby K. Foster here rose, amid considerable confusion and cries of order. She said: Mr. Chairman, (cries of "Order," Sit down," I claim the privilege. ("Order, order.") I hope, sir, that this is to be no sectarian test. ("Order" from different parts of the room, and cries of "We don't want to hear your remarks.") I hope that gentlemen will allow me to express my opinions, as I only take the liberty to express my views--

Rev. Dr. Hewett there rose to order, and Chairman requested Mrs. Foster to take her plane. The excitement was considerably increased by this personal rencontre in the meeting, upon which

Joseph A. Dugdale, a Quaker, rose, and denounced the proceeding of the Convention with much indignation. He requested that his should be expunged, as they had excluded the women from the Convention.

Col. E. L. Snow stated that he received much support and encouragement from the ladies, when in the Assembly, and he felt that what they had in their hearts to do for the cause they should be allowed to do without hindrance.

Rev. J. B. Wakely and others also spoke in favor of the ladies being represented on the committee.

Mr. Thompson (Mass.) here made a separate motion; he moved that the name of Miss Lucy Stone be added to the committee.

Miss Emily Clark, of Leroy, New York, here rose to second the motion, amid much confusion and alternate cries of "order," hear her," "hear her," "order," "order." Miss C. Still holding on to floor.

Chairman--If that motion is put, I shall certainly resign. I honor women as much as most men, but I am opposed to their taking part in such proceedings as these.

Mr. Wood--I move that we adjourn, if we are to be subjected to such interruptions as these.

Mr. Wheeler, of New York--I move that we proceed without any further interruptions, and that the speakers be restricted to ten minutes upon the floor

[p. 5]

while speaking. I also move that no speaker be allowed to address the meeting more than once without the consent of the convention.

Mr. Armstrong, of Saratoga, wished to know if this convention was to be considered a deliberative body or a delegated body?

Mr. Chairman referred to the minutes, and the requisition calling the meeting was at the same time read, showing that the friends of temperance were invited, upon which other names were handled in.

Mrs. Foster again took the floor, and made an effort to be heard, but was repeatedly interrupted, and obliged to resume her seat amid much confusion; she then joined the part of the convention who supported the women, who had congregated by this time pretty strong at one side of the room.

Rev. Mr. Buckhart here rose, and stated that he was opposed to the entire proceedings before the convention, since its opening to-day. He was opposed to women interfering with matters out of their own sphere.

Mrs. Foster was about to reply and was opposed, when Mr. Higginson again rose to press his motion, and moved that it be adopted.

Chairman--If so I will not preside over the Convention.

The committee who had been appointed to examine the credentials of Delegates, hereupon returned from their deliberations, and presented their report. The Chairman reported that the committee were unanimous in favor of not receiving the "Women Delegations." This gave rise to a second debate, more exciting by far than the first, and brought Mr. Higginson again to the floor. He said, the Committee had excluded the names of several ladies, and he wished to know the particular ground. He supposed the design was----

Mr. Wood (the Chairman of the Committee)--The grounds we took were to exclude all women. The Committee were unanimously of opinion that it was not intended by those whom [sic] called this meeting that female delegates should be received, that their credentials should be disregarded, and that otherwise the roll should remain as completed by the Secretary.

Mr. Higginson--I know something about this call, as it originated by a resolution from myself, which I offered at the Massachusetts State Convention. I certainly never would have dreamed of setting my hand to pen such a resolution or propose it, if I considered that women were to be excluded from this meeting. (Loud and continued applause from the "woman" side of the house.) It is not the matter of "woman's rights" we are considering, or have to consider, at all. It is the question as to whether this is to be considered a meeting of the friends of temperance. Are these women not the friends of temperance? Are they not advocates of temperance? Then why exclude them? Let us but exclude them, and then they have a right----

Mr. Condit, of New Jersey, here rose and called the gentleman to order.

Mr. Bradford Wood--I move that the gentleman be heard for five minutes longer.

Mr. Higginson here resumed the floor, and continued:--I did not speak at first to this question at all. I have no desire to throw a firebrand into this meeting. I have only made one speech on the "woman question." After

[p. 6]

some further remarks on a point of order, Mr. H. moved to amend the report of the Committee on Credentials.

Chairman--The question before the Convention is, first, shall the report be accepted?

Mr. Fowler, of Utica, then moved the previous question.

Col. Snow considered it out of order thus to cut off debate. He claimed to be heard for a short time. He would only occupy the floor----

Mr. Fowler, pressed his motion.

Chairman--The motion before the chair is, that the report of the committee to decide upon the qualification of members be accepted.

A Member--The question on the amendment should be first taken.

The question was then taken, when there appeared ayes 22, nays 36.

Mr. Fowler, again rose, and moved the previous question.

Mr. Thompson, of Massachusetts--I appeal from the decision of the Chair. This will entitle me to a hearing at once, and the gentlemen know it. I don't want to discuss this woman question at all. I want to have that part of the report so amended as to allow the intentions of the 5,000 people who met at the Massachusetts Convention, and who were the originators of this convention, to be carried out. That committee wanted but the truth, and they should not send forth a lie, before the country. (Confusion, and cries of "order.") I only want to have the report amended in consistency with the truth.

Mr. Crampton (the Secretary)--I should be glad to know, is it to these 5,000 persons that we are to attribute the calling of this meeting?

Mr. Wood rose to order. The entire proceedings were out of order. Gentlemen had to bow to the will of the majority.

Mr. Thompson had no objection to have the majority decide.

Mr. Wood--The report of the committee decided that it was not contemplated that women were to be included.

Mr. Williams here rose to order, amid general cries of "adjourn,""order," and much confusion, when

Mr. Wood moved the "previous question."

Col. Snow here called for the reading of the call of the meeting. Objected to. The question, on the original motion, that the report be adopted, was then put and carried--ayes 34, noes 21.

Mr. Higginson moved that the Convention do adjourn, to meet again at half-past three o'clock P.M. He considered that in this meeting the "World's Convention" had disfranchised half the world by excluding the women. Mr. H. subsequently withdrew his motion.

Mr. Jackson--The gentleman stood up to make a speech, and surely he does not mean to skulk away, and not listen to a reply. (Sensation, and cries of "order.")

Dr. Humphrey--Mr. Chairman, I consider this day's proceedings altogether both disorderly and disgraceful--I have never witnessed anything like it before.

Mr. Higginson rose to explain.

Mr. Jackson begged pardon, as he misunderstood the gentleman. (Confusion,

[p. 7]

The Chairman--Does the gentleman (Mr. Higginson) press his motion to adjourn?

Mr. Higginson (amid renewed excitement)--Yes.

The question was then up and lost.

Dr. Marsh then moved to proceed to take up the regular business.

The motion prevailed.

Mr. Dow hereupon moved that the report be adopted, and offered a resolution that the Convention meet in this city on the 6th of September next, and that it continue for four days. A committee of arrangements was then proposed by Mr. D., to consist of one from each State, pending which,

Mr. Williams, of Mass., moved to strike out the name of Mr. Higginson.

The Rev. Mr. Duffield, one of the secretaries, was here called upon to offer some remarks. He said he felt particularly unpleasant from the proceedings of the day, and was of opinion that Philadelphia, in the great State of Pennsylvania, would be a far better place to hold the Convention than in New York.

Mr. Snow opposed--New York was designated in the call.

The Chairman sustained Mr. Snow.

Mr. Higginson then requested to have his name stricken from the roll, and hoped that the minority would withdraw and meet at 2 P.M. at Dr. Trall's Institute, No. 15 Laight st., to carry out their duty as Delegates.

Rev. J. W. Higginson, Dr. R. T. Trall, Abby K. Foster, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Lydia F. Fowler, Emily Clark, Mary C. Vaughan, E. L. Baldwin and others of the minority then withdrew.

The ladies then demanded their credentials, through Mrs. Lydia F. Fowler. As temperance missionaries, they will unquestionably be sustained in their future movements, as they divide the meeting yesterday with success. A large body of friends accompanied them.

The Committee appointed to issue the call for a Convention were as follows:

B. D. Peck, Ms.;--Jones, N. H.; Hon. Thomas E. Powers, Vt.; Rev. Mr. McCurdy, Mass; Hon. A. C. Barstow, R. I.; Hon. Reuben H. Walworth, N. Y.; T. B. Sequr, N. J.; E. W. Jackson, Pa.; Jno. W. Evans, Del.; Christian Keener, Md.; Gen. Cocke, Va.; W. C. Knight, Mich; Gen S. F. Cary, Ohio; E. Hannakman, Ind.; Mr. Rucker, Ill.; Rev. Jno. Gridley, Wis.; Rev. A. Bullard, D. D., Mo.; Judge O'Neill, N. C., with power to complete the representation from other States.

Dr. Townsend then moved that the expenses of the ladies who had been induced to attend on the call of the meeting, be defrayed by the meeting.

(Cries to Order.) The Doctor stated, as his reason for making the motion, that these women had come, some of them, from the Western part of the State, and other distant places, to attend this meeting, that they had been outraged,

[p. 8]

as well as deceived by this whole transaction, and that he thought the least thing the Convention could do would be to pay their expenses.

Col. E. L. Snow, of New York, followed with some remarks pointedly condemning the action of the Convention in expelling women.

Mr. J. W. Oliver, of New York, begged his friend, Dr. Townsend, to withdraw his motion as not desired by the ladies themselves.

Dr. Townsend remarked that he had accomplished his purpose, of entering his earnest protest against the outrage which he considered the Convention had committed upon some of the most noble-souled co-workers in this cause in the land.

A number of speeches followed from Messrs. Hewett, of Mass.; Jackson, Duffield, and Chambers, of Penn.; Oliver and Wood, of New York, and others. These gentlemen all defended the action of the Convention.

Dr. Hewett quoted from Paul and other Scriptural authorities, which he claimed to be against women speaking in the Church, and in favor of asking her husband at home, &c. He would have nothing to do with the women.

Rev. Mr. Chambers was particularly severe upon one of the excluded ladies, (Abby Kelly Foster,) whose name he declined to give, charging her with outraging the proprieties of her sex, trampling the very Son of God under her blasphemous feet. For his part, he was glad these women were gone; they had thus gotten rid of the scum of the Convention.

Much confusion prevailed at this stage of the proceeding.

E. W. Jackson, of Penn., said he had known some of these women for twenty years. They were in the habit of disturbing the Anti Slavery meetings in the same way, with their stuff and nonsense about "Women's Rights." They had come to this Hall, expressly, to do what they had attempted to-day. But he would inform the gentleman over the way, (Dr. Townsend.) that they had not come to New York to attend this Convention, but other Conventions with which their names would be found associated. He was very severe upon the expelled ladies, and received warm applause from the majority.

The President of the Convention, (Mr. Barstow of R. I.,) followed in some remarks of equal severity. He referred to "women in breeches" as a disgrace to their sex, &c. He did not know what such women were good for. He believed they were never productive in anything but mischief. (Laughter and cheers.)

The discussion was here closed by the final withdrawal of Dr. Townsend's motion to pay the expenses of the rejected female delegates.

A collection to pay the keeper of the hall, and to defray other incidental expenses, was taken up, the President exhorting to liberality, and remarking that any surplus could go into the hands of Dr. Marsh, in aid of the American Temperance Union. The meeting then adjourned sine die.

See Appendix for Meeting of Seceding Delegates, Tabernacle Meeting, and Lucy Stone's Review of the Proceedings at the Brick Church.

[Thursday] Morning Session

[p. 9]

THIS convention met at 10 o'clock Thursday morning, [September 1] at Metropolitan Hall, about 1,000 persons being present, representing different sections of the United States, Canada and England. During the morning, there were constant accessions by the arrival of delegates.

Rev. T. W. HIGGINSON, of Massachusetts, moved the temporary organization of the Convention, and asked that nominations for a Chairman be made. Mr. L. P. NOBLE, President of the State Temperance Alliance, was nominated as temporary Chairman. This nomination was unanimously accepted, but, it being ascertained that Mr. NOBLE was not yet present, Dr. ELEAZAR PARMLY was unanimously elected in his stead.

Miss SUSAN B. ANTHONY, of Rochester, was unanimously elected temporary Secretary of the Convention.

The President announced the appointment of the following Committee, to report the names of individuals for a permanent organization.

Joseph Dugdale, of Pennsylvania; E. L. Snow, of New York; Sydney Pearce, of Pennsylvania; Mrs. M. A. Johnson, of New York; Paulina W. Davis, of Rhode Island; and Caleb Clark, of Connecticut. The name of C. C. Shoals, Esq., of Wisconsin, was added to the list.

This Committee retired to deliberate.

The PRESIDENT announced that during the absence of the Committee Mr. CHARLES C. BURLEIGH, of Philadelphia, would address the Convention.

[p. 10]

Mr. Burleigh took the stand and speak as follows:--

I hardly know, my friends, how to begin to address a Convention like this, upon such a short notice as has been given me, to come before you as the first speaker on this occasion; for, three minutes ago, I had no more expectation of any such call, than I had of a call to go on a mission to the Celestial Empire. Still those who are engaged in this cause, I suppose, are bound to be minute-men.

When the world meets in Convention in behalf of a cause which is so doubly interesting to all the world's inhabitants, it meets to advocate an enterprise in the advocacy and earnest prosecution and complete success of which, the world has an eminent and manifest need. Nowhere can we turn, without seeing abundant proof of the truth of this proposition, and indeed, of the abundant need of the prosecution of this enterprise. We have only to look about us in this great city, to observe the traces of the deadly influence of intemperance. Everywhere, we face crime, disease and death, all testify to the necessity of the prosecution of the cause, of steadfast and unwavering effort and prompt action to lead to complete success.

This is an enterprise that recognizes no distinction of cast, sect, or nation; it is one that exhibits devotion to the great family of man. We need all the help of those who are willing to help, whatever be the sex or station of the individual, to engage in the work in which universal humanity is interested; a work which seeks the welfare of universal man.

Our enemies never stop to discriminate--why should we? They are quite as ready to deal with one cast, one sex and one race as with another--they are just as ready to sow the seeds of poison--of moral and physical pestilence and death in one station as another, and we must meet them everywhere--we must leave no avenue undefended; no point accessible to their attack.

In whatever parts we are assailed, we must be ready to oppose them with whatever is in the range of rightful action, and our means are ample. We must show, from the observation and experience of the world, the evils which have arisen from the vice of intemperance, and contrast them with the blessings proceeding from Temperance. These blessings we must scatter broad-cast over the land, till there shall not be on the broad earth a single victim to the deadly vice, or a single wailing mourner over its sad consequences. [Applause.] We are to prosecute this enterprise, moreover, upon the most stringent principles of reform--no compromise with the adversary--we take our ground upon this stand--that the use and preparation of intoxicating beverages is a moral wrong, and therefore the whole business of the manufacture, the sale, and the use ought to be assaulted with exterminating warfare. "No quarter," is our motto--we ask one. We ask none, because we stand upon truth as our stronghold. Our fortress is impregnable, our panoply is irresistible. The sword which we wield is like that which the archangel swayed; it is so tempered that nothing is so solid as to resist its edge. We have no occasion to ask for quarter; therefore we claim no credit for heroism. We desire to put an

[p. 11]

So long as man tampers with intoxicating drinks, so long does he justify the manufacture and the sale in large and small quantities, and so long as it is sold must the use of it be abused, and use is the accompaniment of temptation.--We have had our eyes upon facts for twenty years, and we can see the operation of the sale of intoxicating drinks upon the people of our country, whose mental, moral and physical constitutions--perhaps inherited constitutions--are such that they cannot face the intoxicating bowl with safety. The young men who take their first glass, being fascinated by its powers of intoxication, continue its practice. But they never meant to become the complete slaves of appetite. They are just as sure that they are at the right point as the veteran moderate drinkers, who have been for fifteen and twenty years steeped in alcohol, till they imagine themselves proof against its influence. Yet we know, that multitudes of this class have fallen, and we know that multitudes are falling, and therefore we know that the temptation set before the young men ought not to be placed there. A regard for principle demands its removal, and the common sense and intelligence of the community have prepared the public mind to assert the necessity for carrying the principle out.

If respectable individuals who drink liquor stand upon their character and long-tried reputation, if they may indulge, it is certainly right that others may supply them; for the rightfulness of a demand proves the rightfulness of supply. How is the manufacturer to know that the wholesale dealer sells to those who can safely use? and how is the wholesale dealer to determine whether the retailer will use wisdom in the selection of persons to whom he sells? And again, how is the retailer to know whether the consumer will make a judicious use of the beverage purchased? It will be seen, therefore that no other principle is practicable for effectually assailing the source--the cause of all the multiplied evils of intemperance. We must cause the rum-seller to be regarded with the same feelings as is now the pickpocket and highwayman--as invaders of the rights and welfare of mankind.

We do not deny but there are many marvelous standards of respectability among the rumsellers and rum makers, but there is a vast deal of inconsistency in the details of this subject, and probably will be for some time to come. We must, therefore, adopt some other standard whereby to try actions and customs than the respectability of those who perform those actions, and we ask, therefore, not that the individuals engaged in the business are respectable, but whether the business itself is respectable, or in other words, can the business

[p. 12]

We must compromise nothing. Total abstinence from the manufacture, sale and use we must war for, and hope by our admonitions, precepts, and examples to save mankind from impending peril.

Mr. Burleigh was frequently interrupted by applause during the course of his remarks.

The Committee appointed to designate officers for the meeting, returned at this point of the proceedings, and reported the following:--

President:
THOMAS W. HIGGINSON, Mass.

Vice-Presidents:

• John Pierpont, Massachusetts.

• C. J. H. Nichols, Vermont.

• P. T. Barnum, Connecticut.

• Horace Greeley, New York.

• Asa Fairbanks, Rhode Island.

• Lucretia Mott, Pennsylvania.

• C. M. Severance, Ohio.

• H. W. Wolcott, New Jersey.

• John. O. Waters, Indiana.

• Edward Webb, Delaware.

• Richard B. Glazier, Michigan.

• Frances B. Gage, Missouri.

• S. M. Booth, Wisconsin.

• H. S. Tilton, Mississippi.

• O. C. Wheeler, California.

• W. G. Hubbard, Illinois.

• T. Goldsmith, Canada.

• W. H. Ashurst, England.

Secretaries:

• Susan B. Anthony, New York.

• C. B. Le Baron, New York.

• C. M. Burleigh, Pennsylvania.

• D. W. Vaughan, Rhode Island.

• Mary Jackson, England.

Rev. T W. Higginson, the Chairman, was received with applause. He said:

I need hardly way I deem it a high honor to preside over a Convention like this, whether I consider the circumstances under which it was first called, or the great audience I now see before me. It is unusual, on the first morning's

[p. 13]

Previous to Neal Dow making any movement in the direction of his celebrated law, the initiative had been taken by a woman of Portland, who entered a groggery and emptied the rum jugs from which her husband had been drawing his daily poison. So Maine affords some information of the assistance rendered to the furtherance of the cause by our sisters. We know at least the claims of woman; we know that if man is the father of the Temperance movement, woman is its bounteous and beautiful mother, and without her it would be motherless, and consequently unborn to this day. We know, then, where we stand--our being here--our action--our equal recognition of the rights of woman to speak, settle that question. Now let us leave it behind; let the dead past bury its dead; let us say nothing of those from whom we differ in this movement--let it be an honest difference--let us go on and do our work. Our work to day is to help the movement on--to remember those in bonds, bound in

[p. 14]

A bouquet merchant--an elderly, pleasantish Quaker, well known to all Broadway promenaders and opera-goers--here made his appearance, with smiling countenance, proffering tempting baskets of his commodities. He ascended the stage without warning of his intention, solemnly deposited two baskets of handsomely arranged flowers, and jumping nervously up, ejaculated; "I am dead set agin rumselling! He added

[p. 15]

The President thanked him and the house laughed.

The President deemed it proper to call upon Rev. Thomas Goldsmith, of Canada, to open the meeting with prayer.

The prayer was offered.

Mr. Horace Greely moved the appointment of a Business Committee of five.

Carried.

The Committee was appointed as follows; Horace Greely, of New York; C. C. Sholes, of Wisconsin; Lucy Stone, of Massachusetts; C. C. Burleigh, of Connecticut; Harriet K. Hunt, of Massachusetts.

The Committee retired to the room on the right of the stage, to deliberate.

Mr. Whitney, of Massachusetts, moved the appointment of a Committee on Credentials.

The Chairman said that, according to the terms of the Call of the Convention, he must rule that credentials were unnecessary. All persons sympathizing with the object of the meeting, were entitled to take part in its deliberations. However, a list of members was desirable, and he thought the idea of a Committee a very good one.

The following Committee on Credentials, was appointed:

D. S. Whitney, Mass.; C. B. LeBaron, New York; C. M. Burleigh, Conn.; D. C. Bloomer, New York; Edward Webb, Delaware:; Mrs. L. N. Fowler, New York; E. W. Capron, Mass.; Dr. Wellington, New York; J. P. Hutchins, Conn.; H. M. Rhodes, New Jersey; W. G. Hubbard, Illinois; Mrs. Vaughan, Ohio.

The Chairman said the Business Committee would be out for a few minutes, and in the meantime, he had a suggestion to make, and he proposed to tell a story first. It was to the effect that a young lady somewhere Down-East had conceived the idea that the Maine Law had something to do with music. The reason was this. Her father, a distiller, had promised her a present of a new piano unless the Maine Law passed, and the piano had never come. She though it must have something to do with music, and that was all she knew about it.

As music was, therefore, eminently appropriate for Temperance demonstrations, the "Amphion Glee Club" should be invited to exercise their vocal talent.

The spokesman of the "Amphions" made a small preliminary speech.

[p. 16]

It was well known that the world-renowned Hutchinsons sang "The Good Time Coming." By your permission we will sing you the "Dawn of the Good Time Coming". Upon which, there was great applause, and the song was duly given. It was hopeful lay. It spoke of the best of times to come.

"Truth and error now are fighting,
Truth, soon will win the field."

And added this:

"We can work, as well as others,
And there's work enough to do."

The President then introduced Rev. Miss Antoinette L. Brown, the Pastor of an Orthodox Congregational Church at South Butler, N. Y., who was enthusiastically received. She said:

The Whole World's Temperance Convention,--room on its broad platform for everybody! "Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, in Judea and Cappadocia, in Pontus and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers about Rome, Jews and Proselytes, Cretes and Arabians"--every man who may come here speaks his own tongue wherein he was born, about one of the most needed reforms ever launched on the ocean of events. Here is Woman invited to speak into the great ear-trumpet of the world, that all may hear. No wonder that the Woman's Rights Convention should be called directly hereafter. It follows immediately on upon the present occasion. But I am reminded that in this Temperance gathering teetotalism is to be discussed in its length and breadth--nothing else and nothing more; not a word about Woman and her rights. This may be well, but there's a good time coming, friends; wait a little longer. The sun may be everywhere seen, though it is not yet up in the meridian. Milk for babes, but strong meat afterwards. Temperance and Woman's Rights, chopped up together, would be a potato and meal amalgamation, quite nauseous to many modern reformers, even by those who like either when served up by itself. Hash is an old fashioned dish used at large banquets. But any one has a right to speak of Temperance to the world, even though this right has been disputed and virtually voted away. Who does not see this to have been in bad taste--and not a word here about any woman's right to vote, even in favor of a Maine Law, although the world disfranchises one-half of its inhabitants: although they are not recognized as belonging to its inhabitants, and although the other part are licensed to sell and to use what bring them desolation and ruin, with the exception of those who live in the darkness of heathenism, in a few Yankee States and a few

[p. 17]

"Oh, wad some power the giftie gie us,
To see ourselves as women see us;
It wad fra many a blunder free us;
And foolish notion."

[Loud laughter and applause.]

[p. 18]

A few words in regard to Temperance. The rattlesnake is the father of rattlesnakes,--the crocodile begets crocodiles; and so the drunkard is the parent of drunkards. "Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?" Then, can the child of the drunkard, that caricature of humanity--half madman and half brute--go untamed? There is One who can give him a new heart, and a high and holy purpose of soul. But is there any one to give him a new physical organization?--is there any balm in Gilead to soothe his heavy pulses, full of the drunkard's blood, that courses with scorching labor through his entire system? Who is there to caution him against plucking the forbidden fruits of self-indulgence? God help thee poor child of the drunkard! temptation lying at every point along this road of life, Alas! then, how great the struggle that awaits thee, lying in the presence of inebriated humanity--almost strangled by the serpents that are come to devour thee while thou art yet in thy cradle! But, perform the labor of Hercules--overcome the serpents--and thou may'st be saved, yet, only so as by fire, else thy heart will congeal some time with the thought that no heart is beating responsively with thine own and thy blood will boil with remorse when temptation is calling upon thee. Oh, falter not! Nature will lull thee into peace, the voice of the birds will soothe and interest thee, and the storm-cloud will no more gain power over thy impatient nature. Take heed to thy steps, and God will send His Guardian Angel to guard thy foot against the stone! But, alas! that this struggle should have been awarded thee! Men who have hearts, let your legal sophistry sleep for a while, and let your compassion be aroused for the children, of whom Christ said, "of such is the kingdom of Heaven." Look at their degradation, when they are cursed with drunken parents. Look now in this dear little face. It would be fair enough, if there were only a soul-life to flash over it. But it is an almost blank vacuity. You read there impressions of a gross nature, notwithstanding all that baby innocence. Yet you see a shadow over that face, reflecting the past and prophetic of the future. Poor child, with that worn little face smothered with dirt and filth. Fit emblem of your life is the little mole that lives under ground. There is sunshine in the sky, but you will never look upward. You may well bow your head, for your one talent is rolled up in the napkin of parental sin. God of justice, must there be every year thousands of such children born in our land? Here is another child, with baby smiles and baby tears crossing each other down its face, gushing up from its little heart-fountain, struggling each for the mastery. If God would only take her to Heaven now, she would become one of the happiest of angel cherubs; but the fevered effect of the wine-cup delirium descends though her face, and the angels will weep over her, and remorse will pluck out the smiles, while she is yet a child. Her bright young head will grow grey in early womanhood, they will lay it down in an early grave--the earth will not be moistened by a single tear--no flowers will grow over her; or if they do, the old sexton will cut them down, muttering as he passes by. We should grow weary in reading the destinies of children such as these--types of human depravity and human sin. They are the children of intemperance,

[p. 19]

It is against our principles to call hard names, but surely he who places the temptation in the way is worse than the one led astray. There were certain artists who knew how to print invisible pictures so that when placed in the sunlight or before a fire, and as by a magic wand, tint after tint appears till the whole landscape stands before us in all its beauty and heightened coloring. So it is as soon as the fires of alcohol approach the soul, they bring out in legible tracing the sin which might else have remained in that narrow fold for ever. Men have created this crime-producing forge, and are blowing it by the legal bellows, and then they point the finger of scorn at their victims, and terribly punish them. The human heart, corrupted by this vile fire, soon fans it into a blaze which leads to every crime, while its legal abettors point the finger of scorn at their own victims and allow the cold hand of punishment to pursue them. There is no excuse for the drunkard, and there is much less for the tempter of Drunkenness. He has taken the trade of Satan into his own hands, and he shall receive the reward from his Father with usury. The sun throws its golden border around the cloud which is struggling to secure its beams, and so the moral sunshine throws its glorious tints around the souls of those who have suffered, giving them hope of a better and brighter future. Were it not for this we should have no hope at some future day of a world-sustained Maine Law. Hope is an anchor to the soul--it drops its line into the future and it holds us steadily and trustingly upon the troubled waters of the present. Shall the heart trust in the nobility of humanity--in the God-like in human nature? Shall its trust in all this be a mocking delusion? We will not believe it. There have been bad laws; bad statutes before this. They have been coined out of human selfishness, out of fiendish malignity, and yet penitent human tears have washed them away, and human love has substituted better in their stead. There is thick darkness yet, but light is gathering strength in the world; and the voice of God is whispering over and around us, "Take courage and be strong, for the career of your race is upward and onward."

Loud and long-continued applause followed the delivery of this address, which was listened to throughout with the deepest interest.

[p. 20]

Horace Greeley, the Chairman of the Business Committee, then came forward and said: The Committee have instructed me to report a series of resolutions, which we intend to cover, as nearly as possible, the ground of Temperance, faith and action. I do not know but that some of them may be supposed to cover a little more than the ground, yet I trust they will commend themselves, in the main, to your understandings and consciences. The Report and Resolutions are as follows:

• 1. Resolved, That the cause of Total Abstinence from all that may intoxicate-whether considered with regard to the magnitude and virulence of the evils it combats, to the good it has already achieved, to the work which it has still to do, or to the power of the selfish interests and depraved appetites which it combats and must vanquish--deserves the warmest sympathy, and the most active, devoted support, of every servant of God--every lover of humanity.

• 2. Resolved, That it especially behoves the Christian Church, in all its divisions and denominations, as also every other religious organization, to cooperate with all its might in the great work of Temperature Reform, by the diffusion of light and truth with regard to the nature and effects of alcoholic liquors, by the enforcement of total abstinence as a part of its imperative discipline, and by the restraining of all whom it may influence, all who recognize its authority, from any participation in the guilty gains of the Liquor Traffic.

• 3. Resolved, That the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, in view of the moral certainty that they will be used, nine times in ten, to the injury, if not the ruin, of their consumers, is an immoral and destructive business, in which no one, who recognizes the obligation of Love to God and Man, can henceforth engage without guilt; and we do most earnestly entreat those involved in it to ponder well their steps, and ask themselves this question: "Is the business of a distiller, a brewer, a rumseller, one wherein I ought to be willing to live and content to die?"

• 4. Resolved, That the State should be everywhere, and to the extent of its ability, a guardian of the weak, a protector of the assailed, an admonisher of the beguiled and tempted, among its citizens and subjects; that it should ever revere and conform to the divinely-prescribed supplication, "Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil;" and that there is no position toward the Liquor traffic which it can consistently and worthily maintain but that of declared and uncompromising hostility.

• 5. Resolved, That the fundamental, undeniable, scientifically demonstrated fact that Alcohol is a poison, of itself to prove that it ought not to be presented in such forms and combinations as will tend to disguise its character and blind the uninformed to its baleful potency; but should always be sent forth from the drug-store and the chemical laboratory, where alone it should be sold, either pure and undiluted, or in such combinations as do not disguise its

[p. 21]

• 6. Resolved, That we impeach the use of fermented or alcoholic wine in the solemn celebration of the Eucharist as a profane and impious desecration; since that which poisons and destroys men can be no true symbol of that which purifies, restores and saves; and we challenge the current assumption that wine devoid of alcohol is unattainable, in a country where the grape grows so profusely, and in an age when the resources of chemistry are so abundant as on ours, as founded in the grossest ignorance, the most indolent heedlessness, or the most flagrant dishonesty.

• 7. Resolved, That while all well-directed efforts to reclaim the unfortunate victims of Intemperance, to virtue, self-respect, usefulness and happiness, should receive our ready and ardent co-operation, it is, nevertheless a truth not to be concealed that Drunkenness is a Crime--that no father, husband, or son--no mother, wife, or daughter--has any moral right to be a drunkard; and that they who are such deserving of sympathy only in common with the libertine, harlot, gambler, thief, burglar, robber and assassin.

• 8. Resolved, That ample experience has demonstrated what the prescience of sages and philanthropists long ago affirmed, that all wise effort for the removal of evils should begin at the root and deal with causes rather than effects; and that to attempt the eradication of Intemperance without objecting to the License system or opposing the legal protection of the Rum Traffic, would be as shallow and absurd as to attempt the destruction of a living tree by pruning off some of its outermost branches.

• 9. Resolved, That Human Laws should in all things be based upon and conform to the sovereign Law of God, as summed up in those Divine injunctions, "Love God with all thy heart, and they neighbor as thyself," and "Do unto others as ye would than others should do unto you;" and therefore the licensing of men to sell intoxicating beverages is irreconcilably at war with any just idea of the nature, functions, and ends of Government, as well as with that Higher Law which bids us "Have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them."

• 10. Resolved, That The Maine Law, so called, is superior to all preceding enactments respecting the Liquor Traffic, in that it consistently and explicitly forbids all traffic in intoxicating beverages as such, makes the rumseller's liquor and implements of trade conclusive evidence of a guilty intent to sell, instead of requiring specific proof of a particular, positive act of sale, confiscates and destroys those implements, like those of the gambler and counterfeiter, authorizes prompt and efficient searches of suspected premises on oath or information that the Liquor Traffic is probably prosecuted there, and places generally in the hands of Temperance men the means of thoroughly breaking up and suppressing the work of death wherever they faithfully and fearlessly do their duty; and we most earnestly entreat our brethren in every State and country to spare

[p. 22]

• 11. Resolved, That the cry, "The Main Law is ineffectual," is raised entirely by those who ever desired, or at least never tried, to have it otherwise; while we have abundant evidence, in the hostility and alarm of our adversaries, as well as in the direct testimony of our friends, that the Law does work a gratifying diminution of the Liquor Traffic, even where public sentiment and public officers prove unfaithful to the duty of giving the law full force, and thus stopping the desolating traffic altogether.

• 12. Resolved, That we do most earnestly entreat our fellow citizens, friendly to the Temperance cause, in voting for law-makers, to subordinate all partizan or other consideration, to the securing of Legislatures that will enact, uphold, and from time to time improve Laws of Prohibition,--regarding that as of infinitely greater consequence than anything else likely to be affected by the manner in which their votes are this year cast.

• 13. Resolved, That the present exigencies of the Temperature cause imperatively demand the immediate and rapid multiplication of Temperance Tracts, more elaborate Essays, and Charts illustrating the effects of Alcohol on the Human system; and we therefore call upon our Publishers, Booksellers, and Periodical Agents to issue or purchase such tracts, essays and charts in infinite variety and limitless abundance, pledging ourselves to promote their circulation be every means within our power.

• 14. Resolved, That in the prosecution of the Temperature Reform we are determined to know no distinction of Creed, Caste or Sex--of section party or condition--but to fraternize thoroughly, and act cordially with all who in heart and life, by word and deed, prove themselves worthy and earnest champions of Total Abstinence.

• 15. Resolved, That we respectfully and affectionately exhort all who receive as truth the sentiments expressed in these Resolves, to live and labor in consistency therewith, and to lose no time in forming and perfecting organizations calculated to insure efficiency to their efforts and triumph to their cause.

Mr. Greeley said,

I propose, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, friends of Temperance, with your permission, to make some remarks, mainly directed to the ninth resolution. I hear men say almost every day, in this rum-sodden City, that you should not enact the Maine Law, because you cannot enforce such law. Now suppose that were true--suppose that we, in this rum-sodden City, would not be able to enforce the Maine Liquor Law, would that be a fair reason for not enacting it? Suppose we were accustomed to practice infanticide, would that be a sound reason for enacting no law against it? I do not, therefore, admit that if it were true that the rum traffic could not be modified by the Maine Law, that

[p. 23]

[p. 24]

Ought law to conform to public sentiment, or ought law to be based upon essential righteousness, and then challenge public sentiment to act in conformity therewith? I hold that the uses of law are not simply restrictions in a physical sense, but a higher, a nobler, a more universal, and a better use of law is that of perpetual admonition. The sword set before the gate of the garden, to turn this way and that way, did not do its duty by directly cutting and hacking the flesh of those who came there, but as a mark that a higher power than theirs had forbidden people to pass. So now, then, if we had laws in every that conformed to righteousness, we should have a moral influence constantly exerted to bring public sentiment and public action in conformity therewith. Take, for instance, the rum-traffic. There are 1,000 men every year entering into that traffic, in this City, and taking the place of those who have gone away forever. Still, the men who are coming up to take their places do not care. The men who have chances before them to get a living a little easier by selling rum, than by planing boards, are every day called upon to make choice. "Shall I buy up this rum hole?" say they. "Can I not get my living easier by selling rum than by making bread?" But there is no man so stupid, so blind, so brutalized by rum that he would not rather get his living by a respectable vocation--one which the law honors, and the State protects--than by one which is under the ban of the law, and which makes him an outlaw, and an outcast in society. Then I say, if the law were enacted to day, although it should never come into existence here, the fact of such a law being in existence, would be one of moral influence, tending to dissuade men from the liquor traffic, and good men, moral men, and ignorant men, a little corrupted, would be warned and admonished by the fact, that the law forbade that traffic. We would then have fewer rumsellers, and they would more generally be that class who alone ought to sell rum: that is, the men who have no moral principle, and no qualms of conscience whatever: and there then would be an admonition upon the victims of the traffic, for liquor would not be sold so openly and conspicuously as it is now. It would be an admonition to the tippler, to the man beginning to drink, taking his social glass now and then. That man would say, "I must look to my steps." He would be brought to a pause. He would see that the place where he had been in the habit of visiting was closed; that the grog-shop had given way to a respectable grocery, and he would be compelled to ask, "What is the meaning of all this?" "Why are the rum-shops, formerly blazing in the light of day, shut up?" And the answer would be, because the law condemns them. Then comes the question--Why does the law condemn them? Because they are to my injury, to corrupt and ruin me. Thus admonished, he would be warned and saved, and tens of thousands would be admonished, warned, and saved. To day, there are thousands of men learning to be drunkards from fatuity--from want of employment--from an overplus of time, and from the necessity of finding rest as they walk our streets--those stony sultry streets--seeking employment, from one street to another, and compelled to sit down and

[p. 25]

The President announced that several letters had been received from different persons invited to participate in the deliberations of the Convention, which he would at this stage of the proceedings read. The first, from Neal Dow, Esq., was as follows:

Portland, Friday, Aug. 26, 1853.

Dear Sir: Your note of the 24th is just received, on my return from the East, where I have been on a Temperance tour.

I wish I felt myself entirely at liberty to comply with your invitation; but as it is, I do not see any way clear to do so. Having been absent from my family private affairs so much, and being engaged to go to Pennsylvania soon, I wish to remain at home for a few weeks at least.* * * *

I see neither the wisdom or expediency of excluding women from Temperance Conventions; their earnest, equal and powerful co operation I earnestly desire.

Truly yours, NEAL DOW.

The second letter introduced was from Hon. S. P. Chase:

Steubenville, O., Sunday, Aug. 28, 1853.

Gentlemen: Your note, inviting me, in behalf of the Committee of Arrangements of the Whole World's Temperance Convention, to be present at that Convention, has been forwarded to me from Cincinnati. My absence from home, and the constant engagements of my journey through the State, must be my excuse for delaying my reply.

I regret that it is impossible for me to accept the invitation which you have so kindly tendered me, and which I deem a very high honor. The great cause which the Convention assembles to promote has all my sympathies; and certainly, in the advancement of that cause, I would admit no distinction which would exclude from active participation, in labors and counsels for its promotion, any of those whom God has gifted with intelligence, humanity, and disposition, to share them, and who are, perhaps above others, interested in their results.

In great haste, yours truly, S. P. CHASE.

R. T. Trall, Esq., Chairman; C. B. Le Baron, Secretary, &c., &c.

[p. 26]

The following, from Hon. Horace Mann, was next read to the Convention:

West Newton, Saturday, May 21, 1853.

Dear Sir: I have read the full debate, as reported, of your meeting, and I assure you, my sympathies are with you.

* * * * I have a strong impulse to accept your invitation, and should do so at once, were I sure I could command the requisite time. But I have said a good deal of my say, in letters which have been published, and in my lectures on Intemperance, and I am necessarily to have a very laborious summer. I do not, therefore, dare to do anything more than promise conditionally--that is, in such a way that I shall not be held accountable for any breach of engagement if I should fail to come. I have already spoken two evenings in New-York on Temperance. Yours, very truly, Rev. T. W. Higginson. HORACE MANN.

The fourth letter was from James Russell Lowell. It read as follows:

Cambridge, (Mass.) Wednesday, Aug. 31, 1853.

My Dear Sir--It will be out of my power to attend the World's Convention. I can only declare that I sympathize heartily with any movement that shall promote Temperance, or shall elevate man or woman, socially or morally. The How must be left to the care of individual experience.

Yours, truly, J. R. LOWELL.

The following extract from a letter received from James Haughton, of Dublin, was read to the Convention:

"In regard to the Temperance Convention, I find myself in entire agreement with you, and I wish I could send you over a body of Irish sympathize. * * * * There is one well-known female advocate of Teetotalism in Ireland, Mrs. Carlisle, now an aged lady of over 70 years, I should say. She has labored long and well, and I never heard that she was considered out of her sphere when addressing public assemblies. I have heard her frequently; but she is known better in England than Ireland. Several years ago, in London. I heard two women, (soldiers' wives, I think,) acceptably address a large public meeting on Temperance.

I am not able to send you any expression of feeling on this subject from Temperance Societies in this country, partly because the subject has not come before them, and partly because we have few organized associations. The wealthy classes in society take little part in the movement, so that our operations consist chiefly in addressing small bodies, who are associated in what we call "Benefit and Mortality Societies," composed of workingmen. Many of these Societies consist of Teetotalers.

Yours, truly, JAMES HAUGHTON.

[p. 27]

The President next introduced Mrs. Mary Jackson, of Wakefield, England, a speaker in the Temperance meetings in England for over twenty years, and delegated by five Temperance Societies to attend the Convention, among them the Preston Total Abstinence Society, the oldest in England.

Dear Friends: I feel very glad to find myself among you. I would observe, however, previous to making any observation upon the great question for which you are convened, that I feel at present rather in the position of a learner than a teacher. I have come over all the way across the Atlantic, almost simply to tell you that I am one of you. [Applause.] The principles of true sobriety embodied in that entire absence of every description of intoxicating drink, is one which I dearly love. In my estimation it stands second to none, save and except that one which is calculated in its application to renew the soul and fit the sinner for Heaven. [Applause.] I have been a teetotaler for some twenty years. Something has already been said in reference to female labor in the old country, and from what was said, it led me to think that it would convey an impression that it was straight-forward work, and that there was nothing that might be deemed opposition. This is not exactly so, dear friends. When I first entered the field, I had to encounter an amount of opposition from certain quarters. I remember well, that a peevish old Tory Editor used to avail himself of every opportunity of holding up your humble servant to ridicule, in his newspaper, and by way of ridicule he affixed a handle to my name, and called me the "Rev. Mrs. Jackson." [Laughter.] He seemed to have forgotten all about the end of the creation of woman, inasmuch as he attempted to draw a line and set out her work. And what do you think he told me was my work? Why, he very wittily told me stop at home and mend my husband's stockings. [Loud laughter.] I felt highly amused, and my reply was, "With all the pleasure imaginable, for I mend my husband's stockings, and knit him new ones." I thought this idea a very strange one, especially from the editor of a newspaper. He must have forgotten the end of woman's creation, God presented woman to man and said: "She shall be a helpmate to thee." I suppose you all know the definition of the term "helpmate." It means a "proper help"--a help in accordance with the dignity of a man as a human being--as a social, intellectual being. By-the-bye, if that definition be true, then it strikes us that the more noble the cause woman proves herself capable of assisting man in carrying out, the better she answers the end of her creation, and the greater glory she brings to that God who created her. [Loud applause.] The opposition that I had to encounter never gave me five minutes' uneasiness: and why? I always used to think of the Saviour, when he said: If they refuse you admittance into one city, turn away and visit another. When I heard of this movement her, I wanted to come and see and hear for myself, and, in the order of Providence, here I am among you as I have already said, happy to find myself in this position. In reference to men

[p. 28]

Friend Richard B. Grazier, from Michigan, then presented himself and said:

Brothers and Sisters: Temperance men and women: It is not my expectation to detain you but a very short time. The cause for which we have met is a great and good one, and I hope we shall all make our mark. I have labored in the heat of the day, and have borne some burden, but from age shall to bear it long. My heart's desire is, to promote the cause of Temperance in all things. [Applause.] Temperance and moderation should guide us in all we take in hand to do. I come from a Western State, and probably most of you know how things have turned there, and, so far as they have turned out in the State of Michigan, have given a handsome majority to the Temperance cause; and we expect when the day and the hour shall arrive for it to take effect that it will take effect. We hope this will be done without any trouble; nevertheless, we are expecting to put the law into practice. While I stand upon my feet, I will allude to the past. I was once a citizen of this great City; but for the last nineteenth years, however, I have been separated from you so that I am a stranger among strangers. But I have never regretted removing from this City, for I have labored not only in the cause of Temperance, but set a sober and honest example to my neighbors in these things. But, friends, there is one

[p. 29]

The Amphions having favored the audience with a song, the meeting on motion adjourned till 7½ o'clock P. M.

[Thursday] Evening session

At 7½ o'clock the proceedings of the Evening Session commenced. The audience numbered over 3,000. The Amphions opened the exercises by one of their simple and pleasing Temperance Songs.

The CHAIR first introduced,

Rev. THOMAS GOLDSMITH, of Canada West. He said:

The manner in which he had been introduced would preclude the necessity of apology. He was but a rustic from Canada, and he could not be expected to utter flowers of rhetoric. He should rather attend to the securing of the foundation, than to rise high, until the foundation had been well laid. He should not point to degraded humanity, blighted hopes, everywhere before our gaze, though this might have a tendency to awaken attention; and this for the reason that immediate suffering, in all cases, does not demonstrate an evil as a direct cause of that suffering. Medicine may be nauseous, but its effect may be desirable. When pain is actually inflicted upon a person in mental and physical health, it must arise from an almost irremediable evil. The injury resulting from the traffic in intoxicating beverages, may not be considered conclusive as to the necessity of prohibiting the sale of those beverages. We must fall back upon a right. If the question be, Has a man a right to get drunk? we are compelled to answer that he has, as we consider, by the standard of custom. But if he ask if it is right, we must answer that it is not. There is no grand test to which we can submit questions of morality or immorality. The heathen mother considers it legally right to cast her infant into the river; the heathen to cast himself under the car of Juggernaut. We cannot say that it is illegal; but is it morally right? So with the Temperance movement. Is it morally right for the drunkard to debase himself and to injure his family? The speaker proceeded to discuss this point at length.

[p. 30]

He referred, for statistics, to Canada. While they had a Queen upon the throne of England, there was little fear of any neglect of the rights of woman. This much was by way of parenthesis, he added. He returned to the discussion of law. He had a downright objection to the use of the term "use" itself. He adduced medical testimony to show that a man would die as soon, or sooner, on alcohol alone, as upon cold water only, deprived of food.

Horace Greeley here entered the hall. The people, his admirers, began to cheer.

The speaker, pausing, made a conge to his audience, remarking that the cheer was one that he did not often get! [Laughter.]

He added some remarks on the statistical results of rum investigations in Canada, showing that alcohol occasions an indefinite amount of pauperism, lunacy, and crime. He begged "the pardon of the congregation" for consuming so much of their time, and would take his seat.

The Chairman next introduced, as a good friend of the cause,

Mr. Phineas T. Barnum--He said:

I met a friend, who informed me that there were a great many "isms" up here, and there were two classes of people present who had no right to be here. He wished to test this. In the first place, this was a World's Convention, and if there were any here who were not in the world they ought to be kicked out. [Laughter.] And he wished every lady and gentleman who could lay their hand upon their heart and say they had never suffered from the effects of Intemperance, either in person or in the actions of others, their friends--if there were any such, he wanted them to rise up and he would have their portraits. He did not believe that there was any man, woman, or child in the universe who could honestly say they had never suffered in any way from the effect of Intemperance. I don't want every body here to-night to think and speak as I do. I should not like to be responsible for all the beliefs in this room, and I don't think there are many here who would take all my beliefs. I don't believe they would like to be called a show-man and humbug, as I am. (Laughter and applause.) And I wouldn't like to have them do it, for I don't want such opposition to my trade. (Laughter.) Now, he would like to know who was going to object to anybody speaking there against this great evil, which does so much injury to all. It was no objection to say that one person spoke on one thing, and another on other things not connected with it; for no matter what else they might talk of elsewhere, there they could all unite on the one platform and speak against an evil which has this peculiarity above all other evils-- namely, that it afflicts all the world, including even the women and children. And why, then, should not the women, against whom this evil operates perhaps most injuriously of all, meet to protest against it? But laying

[p. 31]

[p. 32]

The Chairman then said:

Our friend Mr. Barnum has shown us the comic folly of the drunkard's career, and also the tragedy which always lies behind that comedy. But there is another side which is all tragedy; and I shall call on Lucy Stone to describe the lot of the wife and the children of the drunkard.

Miss Lucy Stone then presented herself, and, when the plaudits which greeted her had subsided, said:

It is so very difficult to make a sudden transition of feeling from the gay to the grave, or from the grave to the gay, that I feel after the treat we have had from our friend, (Barnum,) that you may not find so tasteful the sober topics which I intend to speak upon; but after all, as was said by the President,

[p. 33]

I will now ask leave of this Convention, (whether it will please them or not

[p. 34]

[p. 35]

If such a sentiment as this can be created in the minds of the people, the prospect of having bonds separated, as the result of intemperance, would be a check against the acquirement of such habits. If a person determines to become a drinker, let it be understood that the indulgence in the wine cup is the justification for annulling the ties between husband and wife; this would tend to make both men and women beware in choosing their moral path. I urge this not only for the sake of the drunkard, but for the sake of the drunkard's children, for I tell you that drunken parents become the parents of drunkards. The child of the drunkard goes along in the world, marking the way in his hateful train, and when he arrives at a sufficient age, the same appetites that were common with the parent become the appetites of the child.

I know I touch upon delicate ground, but my only excuse must be the imperative necessity. I know that, on this question, texts and statutes will be quoted against us, and that usage too will be brought to bear against us, but

[p. 36]

The speaker concluded her remarks by illustrating the fact of the little redress afforded by the Courts of this country for abuses received at the hands of a degraded and drunken husband by cases which came under her immediate observation, and at the close of her remarks she was warmly applauded.

Mr. Greeley having been loudly called for, now came forward. He made a few remarks pertinent to the address by Miss Stone.

He begged to differ in some measure from that eloquent woman on the subject of divorce. The side advocated by her was broad and apparent; but he conceived there is another side to the question that has its foundations no less deep, although, perhaps, not so obvious, and would, if as explicitly stated, appeal with equal force to the reason of the audience. [Cheers.] Mr. Greeley then passed to the more immediate objects of the Convention. He wanted to see men carrying their temperance to the ballot-box. He then briefly explained the objects of the Convention. There are several very eloquent men here from whom I hope we shall hear some time to-morrow [to-day.] Mr. Carson, the originator of the Carson League, by whose influence Intemperance was totally exterminated in several Districts is here, and I hope he will give us some information of the origin and practical working of his system. [Cheers.] There are numerous others here from whom some good ideas may be expected. He concluded by hoping that something of practical utility would result from the efforts of the Convention.

The Amphions then gave a "Temperance War Song," which was very generally applauded.

It was then resolved unanimously that this Convention hold three sessions to-morrow--at 10 A.M., 4 P.M., and 7 P.M.

The Convention, on motion, then adjourned.

Friday Morning's Session

[p. 37]

At half-past ten, Metropolitan Hall was attended by about 2,000 persons, and the numbers continued to increase during the sitting. The Rev. T. W. HIGGINSON again occupied the Chair, and after calling the meeting to order, proceeded to read over the resolutions introduced by HORACE GREELEY yesterday morning, after which the Amphions opened the proceedings by singing the Temperance Hymn commencing with

"Intemperance, like a raging flood."

The PRESIDENT said the resolutions which had been read were then open for discussion by the members of the Convention. It would be understood, of course, that all who might bare information to convey to the Convention, from whatever County or State they might come, would not keep back on account of not being called upon by the Chair, as there were many unknown to the Committees. They were ready to listen to the remarks of any member on the resolutions. [Cheers.]

Mr. BERNARD, of Pennsylvania, then addressed the meeting.

He said that he understood it to be the duty of the religious organizations of the land to co-operate with the temperance men and women in the advancement of this cause. I consider this to be a self-evident truth, which may be admitted without demonstration, inasmuch as the action of the religious bodies of a different character is desirable. I have desired that all who are members of those religions organizations should compare their acts with those of the Great Founder, and act in accordance with His teachings and example. You are all aware that his life, from the cradle to the grave, was devoted to doing good; and the churches that bear upon their forehead the name of Christian, if they are walking in his footsteps, are indeed worthy of the title, but if they act otherwise, they cannot justly lay claim to it. I feel that they are false to their name. I stand here as one of a delegation from a religious organization which has given its support to due cause, and I call upon all religious denominations to follow their example, and the example of Christ himself. By doing so they would feel as he felt--that it is their meat and drink to do good, to build up the right and throw down the wrong, and if they have not His conduct in view, and act not in accordance with the principles they profess, they are not only recreant to their profession, but they are worse--they are hypocrites. Mr. Bernard dwelt at considerable length on the necessity of the different religious denominations taking part in the efforts of the temperance people to procure the passage of the Maine law.

Rev. WM. H. CHANNING was announced as the next speaker. Mr. Channing took the platform, and addressed the Convention as follows:

[p. 38]

The song which our friends favored us with this morning had reference to a flood of Intemperance. Is not the assembling of this Convention a sign that the flood is retiring from the face of the earth, and that not only has the dove gone forth on its mission from the ark formed by the Lord, but has returned with the olive bough? According to my view, that dove is Woman, and the word of Woman is a word of peace and power. [Applause.]

The characteristics of this Convention, which I would briefly sum up in these words, (and let it not be considered that I am irreverent of great ancestors,) is the disappearance of Mrs. Adam and the reappearance of Miss Eve--or, in other words, the disappearance of Woman in a position of subjection to Man, and her reappearance as she was sent fresh from the hand of God. However Woman may have been looked upon as typical of the fall, she is now regarded as typical of the resurrection. She was once looked upon as an angel of death, dragging man to the dust, she can now be looked upon as an angel of Heaven, leading him onward.

This is the whole subject of which I propose to speak this morning: The full and free co-operation of Women, as the special characteristic of the Convention--it being the whole world's, and not half a world's convention. A friend alluded yesterday in his speech to the position of man alone as being similar to that of an individual rowing with a single oar. If it is allowable for a man in a masculine boastfulness to speak of himself as the "right hand," then I say it has always been the misfortune of the world that the "left hand--the left side" has been always paralyzed, and woman has been a cripple and unable to co-operate in progress to but a limited extent. If Michael Angelo would make a figure, his left hand would hold the chisel and shape the marble, while the right hand would supply the power. The painter with his left hand holds the pallet, and with the right uses the brush. Ole Bull, though, with his right hand he secures a sound on the violin, yet with his left he secures the delicacy and brilliancy of tone, and the touch of the left hand is as necessary as the motion of the right; if we are to have music in society, Woman, as the left hand, must manage the keys. [Applause.]

As it is urged that this meeting should sustain the character of practicability, I have some practical projects to offer for its consideration. First, to enable us to carry out effectively prohibitory law, we must have the full co-operation of women--we should gain the influence of her example and power, and if it is true that man is her agent, then she should see that her agents do their duty. As mother, sister, wife, and friends, she possesses power for good, and if she send man out and he comes home without having accomplished that which he was deputed to do, he reads in her face the consciousness of his shame.

As regarded the execution of that law, it was sometimes asked, whether the prohibitory law, having been successful, it could not be made more thoroughly effective. Now he thought this depended more on the co-operation of woman than on any other cause. They had an example of this the other day, not certainly in the specific form which he could at all times sympathize with. They undoubtedly had been tried as a mob; but still he should very much like

[p. 39]

The speaker concluded by proposing a resolution, to the effect that the only effective means of preventing the indulgence in low excitement was the supply of high employment; and that the best antidote for the artificial stimulant of alcohol, was the mutual stimulant of social enjoyments,--the supplies of libraries, museums, pleasure-grounds, &c., &c.,

Joseph Dougdale then briefly informed the meeting, as a proof that at least one body in the land had taken up the question, that a Pennsylvania yearly meeting of progressive Friends had given their expression of adherence to the enactment of laws for the suppression of intoxicating liquors.

Mr. Clark, of Rochester, having just entered the Hall, he was again called upon for a song. He then sang

"The World is on the move,"

with excellent effect, and was loudly applauded. After which he offered the following sentiment, with he drank in iced water:

[p. 40]

"The Health and Memory of the man that chopped down the trees, that cleared the land, that ploughed the ground, that raised the corn, that fed the goose, that bore the quill, that made the pen, that wrote the pledge of total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks." [Loud cheers.]

Mr. Arnold Buffum, of Rhode Island, then proposed the following resolution:

"That all preachers of the Gospel, who have in their congregation persons who let houses or stores to be used for the sale of intoxicating drinks, are earnestly invited by this whole World's Convention to preach a sermon on the text, ‘every good tree bringeth forth good fruit, but the corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit; wherefore by their fruit ye shall know them.’" He thought clergymen and preachers of the Gospel, throughout the whole land, should preach one sermon from this text, for in this useful parable of the blessed Jesus there is a great deal of instruction directly applicable. The term tree, here spoken of, would apply to the distiller, that brought forth evil fruit, and to all those who dealt in it, as well as used it, for their fruits were indeed evil, and that continually. It would apply to the bar-owner of the splendid hotel, and to the keeper of the low groggery. It would apply also to the general custom of using intoxicating drinks, and to the men who stood so high, and so respectably in the public estimation, as the owners of real property and houses and stores, that they would be ashamed to be seen indulging in intoxicating drinks themselves, and yet let out their shops and their houses for the sale of intoxicating drinks. These, too, were the trees that were seen by their fruits.

Rev. Mr. Armstrong, of Saratoga, having here risen to a point of order, in which, however, the meeting did not agree with him.

Rev. Mr. Whitney, of Massachusetts, addressed the Convention. He made a long speech, which was attentively listened to.

He referred to the manner in which men became drunkards. It was a very simple process, and if we avoided the beginning, we should always avoid the ending. There were three things, either natural in the first place, or produced by art, that were disagreeable in the beginning--Alcohol, Tobacco, and Opium. When they were taste at first, they were invariably disagreeable. There might be one exception in a thousand; but, generally speaking, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, or even more, their taste at first nauseated. Next day, however, it might be, they touched them with a feeling that was less disagreeable; and by and by, the repeating them day after day made the taste become reconciled to them, and their consumption an agreeable thing. The great plan, therefore, was the keeping from them altogether in the first place. It used one to be said by the advocates of Temperance, for that reason: "Only give us the young, and we will prevail." But, alas! this might no longer be said, for now the children learned to consume tobacco and alcohol.

[p. 41]

He should speak of the early effects of Rum. Friends! avoid the tasting. While your taste is simple and natural and healthy, don't destroy it. They say all the children are with us; but they must be very small children, for I see, Sir, that the children, too, in this your city, are given to tobacco, and perhaps to rum, too. Is it not better to prevent the thing, than to cure it? It was said years ago, Give us these children and we will prevent them learning this vice; but we have not taught them. He would say to parents, and all having the care of the young: See that you do not deceive them. There is no danger of their plunging into drunkenness if they never learn to taste. A clergyman once sent a boy to purchase some cigars, and the boy tried them, got sick, and was satisfied with one trial. The danger with the rum, though, is, that if they taste it once, they want to try it again. The office of Woman is to help us "learn" [probably meaning teach] the young. He had learned that there was a gentleman here who had taken a prominent share in the work of sustaining the Maine Law in this State. He, the Speaker, wanted to say a few words about the workings of the law in his own State, Massachusetts. He proceeded to consider this point at length, but was interrupted by

A Voice--Will the gentleman allow me to ask a question? Whether the violations of the law in Massachusetts are the rule, or the exception?

The speaker gave it as his impression that the majority of those who are prosecuted escape. He considered the present law the best one we ever had. He hoped it would be carried forward to speedy success. He called special attention to the necessity of a concert of action among the friends of Temperance. He next considered the experiment of prohibitory laws. In all large cities, they will do very much as the public sentiment goes. If the law is a popular one, it will be executed: if not popular, it will not be executed. [Applause.] This was all the explanation he could give. We should, Mr. President, band the whole human family against this universal evil. It takes the most developed, and the least developed. It takes them all, it ruins them all, it spoils them all. [Applause.] Never forget, that the vilest man and woman you can find, even in this great City, are members of the great family of God; and that, vile they seem, they are capable of being fed and clothed; and being in their right mind, to be restored to the blessings of home and family.

Two or three voices began to ask questions; some on the floor; others from the gallery.

Mr. Oliver Johnson objected to this Socratic method of discussion; every speaker was interrupted, and he deemed it proper that friends should not be required to stand and answer queries. They should be first allowed to finish their remarks. [Cheers and hisses.]

The Chair sustained the right of the questioners, and of the speaker

[p. 42]

Mr. Whitney said it did not disturb him in the least to answer questions. He would say to the gentleman in the gallery, that he did not vote, but he did all he could otherwise for Temperance. He then sat down.

The President, having requested Mr. Greeley temporarily to occupy the Chair, said he wished to answer the question as to the position of Massachusetts. All he had to say was:

That if you want to test the public sentiment there, just ask the people of the State to repeat that Law! [Laughter and applause.] The law had been modified in some respects from the Maine enactment. The cities and large towns demanded a somewhat different system. It was now in argument before the Supreme Court whether the Police Court have jurisdiction in cases of liquor prosecution. When this principle is settled, which it will soon be in favor of Temperance, then look out for action. The matter is now under advertisement in the cases of men in Salem and Lowell. At this moment, therefore, you must not look to the cities of Massachusetts for indications of the public sentiment regarding the law. You must look back six months, when the Act was really enforced as it should be. And you must look forward six months, to the time when it will be again enforced thoroughly. A gentleman had inquired whether the execution of the law was the rule or the exception in the speaker's State. He would reply that there were many towns and villages already in Massachusetts where no liquor is openly sold. The friends of the Law must work. The Law is not like the boy's whistle, that whistles itself; it must be executed carefully and conscientiously.

He added:

I won't speak of Boston; I don't live there. Boston is a commercial city; millions there are involved in the liquor traffic. Do you tell me you can execute the Maine law in large cities like this? I hope you may; but you will have a hard time of it.

Mrs. C. I. H. Nicholas, Editor of the Windham Co. (Vt.,) Democrat, was then introduced to the audience amid loud applause.

I am not (said she) unconscious, friends, that I stand as yet upon a contested platform--that my woman's foot presses ground denied to her to maintain--so you will allow me to make some reference to this point. There are subjects which it is not relevant to allude to upon this platform; but, friends, in presenting to you the necessity for the Maine Law, I must show you the deep and great need of women for its enactment. I cannot present to you woman's

[p. 43]

After a man has gone through the world into every department of life--into the Legislature--and has been engaged in all the social improvements carried out for humanity--a pocket full of cakes--and humanity is dyspeptic, and all

[p. 44]

[p. 45]

The President said there was another lady whose labors in the New York Women's organization for the promotion of Temperance had perhaps been no less arduous or less efficient than those of the last speaker were in Vermont. He referred to Mrs. Vaughn, the President of the Woman's State Temperance Society of New York.

Mrs. Vaughn said:--

I shall be obliged to make the request, on account of my weak voice, that the audience will be as quiet and still as possible. My province has been to work more by the pen than by the tongue, and with it I have been able sometimes to make myself heard. As the President of the Woman's State Temperance Society I ought to say something of what we have done. We have been laboring for the Maine law in this; we have held conventions, we have presented petitions, and we applied to politicians, and we have thought that we were right is so doing, and right in out opinions. The right to vote is withheld from us women, and therefore we must appeal to the voters to do what they in their conscience think is right. We would like to have the temperance

[p. 46]

A German gentleman then got on the platform, and requested to be heard for a moment. Permission being accorded, he said. "I believe that this is a World's Temperance Convention. It appears that the American side of the question has been pretty well shown. I would like to speak on the European side." He was informed that he could do so then, or in the afternoon. He preferred the afternoon.

Mr. Wollaston, of Vermont, followed:--

He had formerly been a general. He was now a general too, but there was this difference. He was then a general in the army of king Alcohol; but now, he thanked God, he was a general representative to this Convention from the beautiful little state of Vermont. Before the passage of the law in Vermont, they had another law there, which, however, was of no use. It was left to the Justices of the Peace to give license to sell liquor to such as they might deem best entrusted with it; but that was of no earthly use; so it was abandoned, and the people were now satisfied with the Maine law, which was substituted for it. He did not mean to say, that because the Maine law was passed by the legislature of Vermont there was no liquor sold there. There was a good deal used, but the Sons of Industry were working with industry and success to put a stop to it.

If a man out to the State of New York to get liquor, these Sons of Temperance, of whom there is a Division in the place, from which he came, lie in wait for him, and search his wagon, and require to be informed of what

[p. 47]

The speaker concluded by referring to the happy effects of the Temperance law throughout the State of Vermont, and, in his own town, Rutland, in particular.

The Convention then adjourned to 3 o'clock P.M.

[Friday] Afternoon Session

At three o'clock the Convention reassembled to the number of about two thousand people.

The first speaker was Mr. VICTOR HANOT, of Belgium, who said:

That as they had the American aspect of the Temperance question this morning, it was but right that they should now be introduced to the European. He was a German, he said, and begged the indulgence of the audience for the imperfect language in which he was compelled to address them. This, however, he was determined should not be an obstacle in his--way, for he was resolved that his ideas should be fully understood. There were, he continued, two principles in the world--the principles of good and evil, as represented by God and the devil. Now, all efforts to restrain the liberty of man he considered as evil in its character and would be productive of the most disastrous results. No such efforts succeeded, or ever would. We have as many thieves now in the world as we ever had; and just so is it with the Maine Law--there will be just as many drunkards after it is passed as before it. In the old country the question of temperance has not arrived at the same position which it occupies here. There, the people are straggling for political liberty, and they cannot give so much of their attention to it. The people are divided there into republicans and despots, while here they are divided into the two classes of drunkards and those who do not drink. There is political liberty here, but there is no social liberty. There are many who cannot get work here, and who are forced to steal for a living. Now, I say, give the individual more social liberty, remove the obstacles which beset his path, give him land, and provide him with the means of living.

Rev. Mr. FRAUGH, of New York, proceeded to speak in favor of the Maine Law. He called upon the temperance people to unite in one solid mass and get in unison and he had no doubt of their ultimate success. He wanted the World's Convention and similar societies to walk up to

[p. 48]

Mr. Sabin, of Pennsylvania, adduced some valuable statistical matter bearing upon the Reform. One item, well worthy of being mentioned, referred to the fact, that only 10 per cent. of the wholesale price of liquors was accorded to the workmen for their labor in manufacture, while in other branches from 35 to 90 per cent. constituted the laborer's proportion. He also stated the fact, that $74,000,000 were spent for liquors in America, each year. The speaker introduced the following resolutions:

Resolved, That the enactment of a law in its general provisions to the Maine Law would be eminently conducive to the natural prosperity of any and every State adopting it; because the amount per cent. paid to the laborer for the production of alcoholic beverages does not average more than ten per cent. whereas in the manufacture of useful articles, such as clothing, furniture &c. an average of not less than fifty per cent. is paid got their manufacture. Therefore, if all money that is now spent in the production of liquors were devoted to useful purposes there would at once be a demand for labor which would more than counterbalance any momentary loss occasioned to a certain class by the enactment.

The President next introduced Dr. De Wolfe, of Maine.

I am, said [h]e, a citizen of Maine, and I flatter myself that I feel as proud as Paul did when he said "I am a Roman citizen." [Loud applause.] It will be anticipated, I suppose, coming from head quarters, that I may say something about the Maine Law. I am sorry that I am so poor a representative from that noble State of which I am proud, but I will refer somewhat to the law and its workings--what it has been and what now exists in relation to it. I will say, further, that I now speak mostly, or shall attempt to, for your gratification. I am not, my friends, so great a stickler for laws as some. I have but a very small veneration for law, but I will give you to understand my views on this matter. I think I know somewhat of the condition of the people, and I am willing to give them what they will have. It is policy of course. If they will not partake of the kind of food I want to give them, let them have that which they think they need, and all I ask of them is allow me to eat my food and to drink my water, to think for myself and to speak for myself; but, at the same time, I am willing to bear the burthens of others. I came up to New York not as a representative in this Convention, but as a delegate to the partworld Convention; but my sympathies are with the whole world, and I know no line of demarcation that separates me from all mankind. [Loud applause.] Hence I address myself to you as brothers and sisters, and when I say that, of course I shall feel that you are ladies and gentlemen too. I merely throw out this suggestion, to let you know, for fear that you may misconstrue, my position.

[p. 49]

‘True patriots, why fear? be it understood,
We leave our country, for our country's good.’

[Applause.]

It was rather a matter of rejoicing than otherwise, that such individuals would leave our State, but we did feel some regret when we thought that they would go somewhere else, and other people would be cursed with them. There are some difficulties in the way of the execution of all laws. A few radical reformers will present an idea and dwell upon it until a portion of the people will take hold of it, and a sufficient portion will rally around until they will elect a Legislature that will give them a law. But when you get a law, it is the expression of a Legislature, which is not always a popular expression of the people, and there is no too much truth in the idea that a law cannot be effectually enforced until the people are prepared for it, and until they brought up to that position when they love truth more than error. Let us lay aside private interests and social relations, and be willing to be delegates to be shot at--willing to stand in the van of the fight, to bear the blows and receive the insults

[p. 50]

The speaker made allusion to Mr. Pillsbury, the Governor of Maine, and complained that he secured his election entirely from his having kept the voters well supplied with liquor during the canvass.

It was resolved to adopt a fifteen minute rule for the afternoon.

C. C. Burleigh, of Connecticut, in the absence of the Chairman of the Business Committee, introduced the following resolutions, which were, on motion, to be incorporated with the resolutions previously introduced, and then pending before the Convention:

Resolved, That we urge our fellow-citizens to petition Congress so to modify our Tariff laws as that they shall no longer protect and justify the importation of intoxicating liquors into State which have prohibited, or may hereafter prohibit the sale and diffusion of such liquors.

Resolved, That a natural, proper and efficient counteraction to the appetite for debasing indulgence and pernicious excitement is to be found in providing for all legitimate and healthful sources of pure, innocent, elevating pleasures of social and spiritual enjoyment; and, therefore, the library and reading-room--the lyceum and music hall--galleries of paintings and sculpture--social assembly-rooms and pleasure grounds--should take the place of the bar-room and rum-cellar.

Resolved, That sound political economy concurs with sound morality in condemning the manufacture, sale and use of intoxicating drinks, since their cost to the consumer exceeds the actual cost of their production in a proportion five times as great as obtains in the case of useful articles; therefore, if the money spent for alcoholic beverages were devoted to the purchase of articles of utility, the present extravagant profits of distillers and run-sellers would be employed in cherishing legitimate branches of productive industry, which give to the labor bestowed upon them five times as great a proportion of their price as now goes to the labor for producing alcohol.

Resolved, That the officers of this meeting, together with its Business Committee, be constituted a permanent Committee, with power to call future Conventions, based on the same principles as this, wherever and whenever they deem it advisable to do so, and to initiate any other measures which they may judge best for the advancement of the Temperance cause.

The Chairman then called on Mrs. Emily Clark, of New-York, who spoke as follows:

[p. 51]

Mr. Chairman and Friends--I doubt if I am able to fill this hall with my voice or not, but, under any circumstances, there is great allowance to be made for the imperfect elocution of ladies. However, as I took my lessons in oratory out in the open air, standing upon the stamp of a tree, and surrounded by the birds and squirrels, I may not trespass upon you too much. I will do my best--I will speak loud, and if I make myself heard I am certain that the people will not condemn me on that account. (Applause.) To have my name respected in Metropolitan Hall, I shall apply myself to the chief topics before the Convention. The experience of the past is now before us, and we know how we have passed from step to step of our progress, until we have reached--as Mr. Barnum told you yesterday--a grand crisis. If we now abate our exertions or relax our efforts to remove the deep seated curse--the great and giant evil, which is careering over the Empire State, it will be ruined and overwhelmed by it. (Applause.) But we have now gone so far that we possess a mighty lever in our hands, which, if worked at the ballot-box, by the hearty good will of true American citizens, the ruin of intemperance must be stayed, and the evil I have alluded to cease, and I say man if we, if you, neglect to so wield it, you and I become responsible for the frightful results which will ensue. (Applause.) I will here introduce a parable from an Oriental tale:--" and it came to pass in the East that one man was powerful either for good or for evil, but he inclined to the evil, and so signed a decree; and this destroyer went forth to the work of death, prompted by the love of gain; and sword in hand he desolated the land, until thousands perished. And bloodshed was upon the fields; but yet did he go on until three hundred thousand persons had fallen, and thirty thousand people each year perished; and still his cry was--‘Give, give’ And he who had the power did not relax until the land was dripping with gore." You may transfer the scene from a Pagan to a Christian land, and place the time in the nineteenth century, and make rum the destroyer, and then you can account for the victims. (Cheers.) My friends, each of you is a man in power, as this one; each of you gives the decree, and your forefathers have sent it forth for centuries; you give the licenses to the rum-sellers, and the blood of the victims is upon your heads and dripping from your hands. I beseech of you go up to the ballot-box, vote for the Maine law, and thus wash yourselves clean from this gore for ever. (Loud applause.) Neither the fearful wreck of manhood, nor the destruction of all that is noble, generous, and manly in youth, nor all the suffering of womanhood, nor all the miseries of childhood are so great but they can be remedied by a temperance ballot-box. The drunkard is a man you create, by licensing for money the rum-seller to do the work of death from year to year. The work of reform must be utilitarian, and you have to lay the axe to the root, and not act like the Irishman who greased the buggy all over except the wheels and pins of the axle. It is thus we talk about temperance, but when the ballot-box is presented, we fail to effectually support it. If I understand my physical organization and my relations thereby to life, so must I equally understand my moral obligations, which no one can or dare despise. The enforcement of this law is one of them. We are assembled here to-day upon a platform to advocate the Maine law by the force and power of a

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The President announced, as the next speaker, the individual who had published the first Temperance newspaper in the United States: William Lloyd Garrison, of Boston.

Mr. Garrison stated that in long years past he had been an active worker in the cause of Temperance, and though his efforts had been drawn more especially into other channels of reform, that yet his interest in it had been as warm as ever. When he was an active worker, the teetotaler was unpopular and looked down upon. Now, he could see thousands in a single Convention engaged as active members. If any one thing would disqualify him from speaking for Temperance as he once did, it would be that he was unaccustomed to talk upon Temperance to people who appreciated its value.

But now Chancellors, Judges, Politicians, Doctors of Divinity and office-seekers of all kinds were coming forward to the work. It was certain evidence of its growing popularity. At the conclusion of Mr. Garrison's remarks, he called upon all who had either personally or by their relatives been the sufferers by the use of alcoholic drinks, to rise. Fully two-thirds of the audience responded to his call.

Mrs. F. D. Gage, of Missouri, next addressed the Convention. Mrs. G. said:

The President has announced me as coming from Missouri; but I beg to state that I do not appear as a representative from there, as I have been only there a few months and am comparatively a stranger. I know little of the Temperance cause there or how it stands; but I trust that I have learned so much to night, in my capacity as a looker-on, as will enable me to shed an Eastern light upon it when I return. I have come a long journey for this purpose, and I shall, I hope, be able to carry back glad tidings to my home in the Far West. Enough has been said here to night, if experience did not before convince you of it, to prove that the cause of Temperance is right, and that intemperance is wrong and leads to evil. Mrs. Gage here related an incident which occurred to her in her travels. A deck hand fell from a western steamboat and was drowned, notwithstanding every effort to save him. When inquiry was made about his fate, his fellow hands said "Oh, he was only a drunkard!" She continued--This great cause is the life-boat. Thirty thousand are going down yearly. Shall we hesitate to save them? Let us not

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Rev. Mr. Armstrong, of Saratoga, who organized a Temperance Society as early as 1808, next favored the Convention with some pathetic reminiscences of the effects of Rum-drinking.

Mr. Clark, of Rochester, being called upon, sang an appropriate Temperance song.

Mr. Booth, of Wisconsin, being called, next addressed the Convention. He spoke of the present state of the Temperance movement in his State, and of the enactment of the Maine Law being submitted to the popular vote in November next. His remarks were interesting and to the point.

Mr. Williams, of New York, introduced the following resolution:

Resolved,--That a Committee of five be appointed to prepare an Address from this Convention to the friends of Temperance throughout the world, declaring and enforcing the practical duties which at this hour especially devolve upon the advocates of the Temperance Revolution in America.

Dr. Snodgrass, as the author of a resolution of the supplementary series reported by the Business Committee, took occasion to call attention to its drift, which was, the necessity of bringing national legislation to the aid of local prohibitory laws, such as that of Maine.

Dr. S. also presented a written communication on the same subject, which it was voted to publish. The same disposition was made of a communication from Mr. S. W. Wheeler, of Providence, R. I.

The Convention adjourned at 7 P. M.

[Friday] Evening Session

The Convention was called to order by the President at 7½ P. M. Between 3,000 and 4,000 persons were present at the Evening Session.

The Amphions sung the song "Ben Fisher," composed by Mrs. Gage.

The PRESIDENT said that he held in his hand a letter from a zealous and eloquent friend of the Temperance cause--Rev. E. H. Chapin, which he would read, it was as follows:

ROCKPORT, Mass., Aug. 30, 1853.

DEAR SIR,--Other engagements connected with the cause of Temperance will prevent my being present at the "Whole World's Convention" on the 1st

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E. H. Chapin.

To C. B. Le Baron, Sec'ry Con. W. W. T. C.

Rev. Mr. Pierpont addressed the meeting thus:

Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been requested to limit my remarks to one point. I have, therefore, no touching anecdotes to tell you, no scintillations of wit to amuse you, no appeal to make to your feelings; my business is to address a plain and close argument to your understandings. The point is this: "The propriety or necessity of penal legislation in aid of moral reform," or, more closely limited to the present purpose--"the advantage or disadvantage "of the Maine Law, or a law at all analogous."

I shall present my argument principally in the form of a reply to objections. We were told this evening, or rather, this afternoon, by our friend Mr. Booth, from Wisconsin, that the great objects of a meeting like this are, First, to create a public sentiment in favour of Temperance; Secondly, to embody, to incarnate, that sentiment in the form of penal legislation against those standing in the way of the reform.. To these objects objections arise, as stated this afternoon. First, it is said that penal legislation has been hitherto found wholly in-operative and entirely inefficient, in all cases of moral obliquity. We are told by the respected delegate from Belgium, that we have as much stealing now in the world as there was before criminal enactments were directed against him who takes the property of another.

I take this to be a specimen of that class of legislation to which he would object. Let me ask, ladies and gentlemen, how this can be known to be true? When was the time at which there was no legislation directed against this moral obliquity? But, if penal legislation be justified in any case, why not in this to which we seek to direct it? What is there to exempt this case? If it be penal to kill your neighbor with a bullet, why should it not be penal to kill him with the bowl? If it be penal to take away his life by a poison, which does its work in six hours, why not penal to do so by one that takes six years for its deadly operation? Would you not measure the guilt of an act by the amount of suffering it causes? If, then, that which we work against causes ten-fold suffering, should not its punishment be ten-fold in severity? Alcohol produces ten times the amount of suffering that arsenic does. The latter destroys life; a few brief hours of agony and its work is done--but the agony caused by alcohol, extending over months and years, torments its victim with more than ten-fold cruelty. Arsenic takes away animal life merely; it touches not the soul; while alcohol gives, not only ten times the amount of animal agony, but also destroys the soul, sapping all moral feeling, quenching all intellectual light. Therefore, my friends, I ask a more severe punishment for that crime

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But we are told, in the same objection, that penalties are ineffectual! Precisely the same objection can be made to every law meant to prevent any of the whole catalogue of sins enumerated in the Decalogue. For example, there are murders every week; there are more murders than weeks in the year. Yet will you blot out the Sixth Commandment? And you may as well do so as leave it without a sanction. The law which is not followed by a sanction, is a blank paper. "Thou shalt not kill" That is the law. What, then, if you do kill? Nothing! Let it pass! That is a specimen of a law without a sanction! If thou destroyest the life of thy brother, thine own life shall answer for it. Break down his liberty, and thine own shall be tumbled to the ground. We have our apostolic recognition of the principle. The Moral Law of God is dictated to prevent the violation by one man of the rights and liberties of another. Shall we exchange penal statutes, and thus, in practical effect, pronounce that there shall be no law? Try the experiment, and see how you shall come out of it.

I doubt not my friend from Belgium would go with me against all capital punishment. I would not kill every rumseller, who propogates, as all do, murderous inebriety; but I would make him feel a penalty measured to his offence, and calculated to stop it.

The other of the objections I have adverted to, comes from the rumseller him-himself. It is in this form: "Gentlemen, friends of Temperance, take a word of counsel from a true friend. You mistake entirely the way in which this cause is to be carried on. Consider: it is a moral cause, and therefore must be furthered by moral agencies alone. Do not let it interfere with politics; the moment it does, it is degraded; the pure ermine is sullied; the angel of light receives a blot upon her wings." Thank you, gentlemen! There is an old maxim in strategy, [the science of war,] fas est et ab hoste doceri, it is right to take a lesson even from an enemy." I have no doubt it is the opinion of every rumseller in New York that it is periling the whole cause to bring it into the field of politics. I take counsel, and, with it, the ground that legal prohibition is moral action. I maintain that there is not that antagonism implied between moral and political action; and now, my argument is to that point. I would disabuse the community of the mistake made thereon. What is a moral act? I do not know how better to define it than thus,--an act resulting from, or consisting in, the activity of some one of the moral sentiments, let it be manifested or carried out by whatever instrumentality it may. We do not characterize an act characterize an act of the instrumentality, but of the motives. Pardon the metaphysics of my arguments; I cannot help it, nor is it out of place; for there are before me metaphysicians, that is, men and women who have understanding. Let me give an illustration. Suppose a drunken neighbor goes into the woods, ties a cord round his neck, and to a tree, and hangs himself. I find him so. What shall I do? Leave him to his liberty--to his free will to destroy himself? Humanity says "No." What

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Is that a moral action, so to save his life? I will not depend on my own judgment. I will take the sense of this sensible meeting. Whoever thinks it is a moral action, say aye. Ay. [From the whole house.] Contrary, no. [Silence.] The ayes have it; it is a moral action. Next, let us see where lies the morality. In my jack-knife? No! In my hand? No! In any part of my animal organization? No! I trace it back to the moral sentiment; the love of our neighbor. An I right? [Put to the house as before, and carried] We have another illustration in the story of the good Samaritan. Let us vary that a little; let us suppose that, instead of one, there were twenty men found in piteous plight, cut down by banditti. The first cries, "Attend to me!" The second exclaims, "Oh! come first to my aid!" Another moans, "Ah! give me help!" What now does the good Samaritan do? He puts spurs to his horse, dashes down to Jericho, finds the council of that city in session, and cries, "Magistrates and fathers of this city. I want you to send nurses, surgeons, any kind of aid you can, to make an appropriation for the sufferers." The magistrates say, "Yes, there are a thousand dollars for their relief." Is that a moral action on the part of the magistrates of Jericho? [Voted so by the meeting.] You say that is moral in the Jerichoites? Now, Jericho was a city; a city is called in Greek polis, whence the adjective politicos, "of a city," whence the words politics and political, which are applicable to any municipal corporation, and may be used from a town-council up to the Congress of the United States. I ask, is not political and moral action incumbent in any corporation? [Voted by the house.] Therefore where a municipality takes action in favor of humanity, there is at once political and moral action. That is the answer.

My neighbor hangs to a tree. Am I to indulge my very moral sentiment and leave him there? How is he the better of that? But, when I carry out my good feeling animally by my arm, and mechanically by my jack-knife, then I do right; otherwise I leave the world no better, save in gratifying myself by this very individual sentiment, which is a precious small matter.

My friends, what do we do in this Convention? We ask a law to protect the wife and family of the intemperate man. We ask it from kind feelings to our fellow-creatures, exposed to the worst of all sufferings. We cannot get that, in the present form of society, except through political organization, and God places us where we are to do so. Moral sentiment carried out by political organization is my argument. Is it your opinion? If so, vote it. [Put to the meeting and passed without dissent.]

Well then, if am wrong, you are wrong too; we are all in the same predicament. Thus the objection, tried by metaphysics and moral administration, if futile; therefore no more from you, oh, rum-sellers! except you mean to be laughed at. We mean to keep ourselves to moral action.

There is one other objection. "Gentlemen it is in vain for you to talk to the drunken man of reform, by making it penal for him to get drunk;" in other words, "you cannot carry out a moral object by physical force;" or, in other

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I reply, you do not understand our object. We ask a law analogous to the Maine law, not with an immediate view to the drunkard; he is not named in the law, nor alluded to. To whom, then, is the law directed? To the drunkard maker. We appeal to the poor drunken man, and he admits his fault, but pleads want of manhood to resist. Here are men, the business of whose lives is to tempt him. Society says: "We cannot stand out as advocates of temperance; it is the business of the State, not to save men's souls, but to protect Citizens in the enjoyment of their rights." Here let me be understood if possible. Religion has one function, to bring men to light out of darkness; the State has another, to protect every individual in the enjoyment of this rights; then the State has discharged its duty; or, as the law says, it is functus officio.

Now the State says, every parent in the community has a right to the service of his children, male and female; therefore it is a wrong to withdraw children from the discipline, influence, instruction of their parents, and to deprive them of their services. 'Tis so, as between husband and wife, and wife and husband. It is the business of the State to protect husbands, wives, parents, and children. Till this is done, the work of the State is not done.

The State itself has a right to say, "I demand the services of every one of my citizens, and therefore have a right to see to his condition of body and mind; and so, in justice to myself, I may say to every man, this man is under my care; I have a right to his services, and you shall not unfit him to render them."

The State knows nothing of conscience, nothing of that sin the account of which lies between man and God. That is the business of religion; but the State takes the ground, "if you deprive me, or any whom I protect, of that which is their due, I am right in punishing you." That is my argument.

The President--"I have now the pleasure of introducing to his Convention, as the next speaker, one whose simplicity are uprightness of character make all compliments from me, from any one, an impertinence--Lucretia Mott, of Philadelphia."

The President left the chair, and politely escorted Mrs. Mott to the stand amid the hearty applause of the audience. When silence was restored, she proceeded to address the audience as follows:--

You have had this cause presented in so many forms and in so many ways that there seems indeed little necessity for any additional remarks. It has been presented in its comic, as well as in its tragic dress, and it has had the harmony of sweet sounds to commend it to you. It has had political appeals not a few, and moral appeals--would that I could say more. I doubt not that our friend who last spoke in his zeal for political action, and in what were regarded as very able arguments to sustain it, somewhat unintentionally overlooked, or

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They will find that in all these reforms there is work enough for them to stir up the pure mind in themselves, and in urging on the progress of the cause of truth--to hold up the light higher and higher, and cause it to shine brighter and brighter before more sustained action. It is interesting to trace the progress of this cause from its earliest movement; how it began by very little action, and how it has gone on by faithfulness to greater and greater activity, until now this entire teetotal ground has been attained. And we may remember, too, how earnest, how vigilant, how constantly active, were the Temperance reformers. Our friend, in illustration of right in political action, referred also to the practical case mentioned by the blessed Jesus of Nazareth, in the treatment of the man who was stripped, robbed, and left half-dead by the road-side.

The temperance men and temperance women have been endeavoring to carry out the principle of the good Samaritan, and in proportion as they have taken that ground of benevolence and morality, have they succeeded in their efforts? Mrs. Mott proceeded of describe the early experience of those who were engaged in the Temperance movement. She had herself been ashamed to enter the temperance meeting to raise her voice in behalf of the poor drunkard, because she was an abolitionist. It was feared, by the temperance friends, that her presence would bring odium on their cause!

The various moral reformers were, however, becoming more and more liberal in their views and sentiments, and they discovered that there was not so much danger in blending several reforms together as was at first believed. And still more recent events had made it imperative that those exclusive notions should be annihilated. They now found, Lloyd Garrison and Elihu Burritt occupying the Temperance platform.

They could not restrain the natural course of such principles as Peace, Temperance and Liberty from uniting together. They were united in the same individuals, and were of the same kindred. It had been the same with regard to the movement for Woman's Rights. It was supposed that it would be an

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The speaker appealed to the high moral sense of her audience, to adopt the utmost liberality towards all other movements; and, after condemning the custom of appealing to scripture in support of slavery and intemperance, she concluded by referring to the vision of Peter, which was intended to teach the great Christian doctrine of equality: that God was no respecter of persons, but that, in every nation, they that feared him and worked righteousness, were accepted of him. (Long continued applause.)

"If I were a voice" was then sung by the Amphions.

The President then said:

Among the three thousand faces on this floor there is but one which I do not like to see. I think you will agree with me that John P. Hale ought not to be sitting among you, but standing on this platform.

Vociferous applause followed from the surprised and gratified audience, and three hearty cheers were given, at the call of Col. Snow, when Mr. Hale at length ascended the platform and addressed the Convention as follows:

Mr. President--I think I can assure my friends, without any affectation, that the last thing I expected, was to address them this evening; and, when I have gone off from the stage, I am certain all will believe in my sincerity, when I say that I came entirely unprepared to address you. But I have come to a determination that I will never turn my back to that which has my judgment and my sympathies; and my heart was with you before I came forward to respond to your call. As I have nothing arranged in my mind to say, you will therefore permit me to give what illustrations from my own experience within a few days may come to my recollection, with the hope that they may suggest something that will be a profitable subject for consideration.

A week since I was riding in the cars through my native village, in New Hampshire, and the engineer, being considerably behind his time, and fearing

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When I arrived in this city, I took a letter from the office, post-marked from the village to which I have referred; and its contents were an inquiry if the law afforded no remedy against such an act. This is a solitary instance; but who does not remember the fearful calamity which happened in Connecticut, when fifty human beings, without a moment's warning, were summoned to close their connection with the affairs of time, and enter upon the realities of another world. What was the result? From one end of the county to the other, newspaper politicians, legislators, philosophers and all, were examining the question, to know if there could not be something devised, some law enacted, by which the lives of those who were entitled to the protection of the law could be protected. They did not stop here, for the Legislature of Connecticut introduced a stringent bill, which became a law, and her citizens and the passing stranger will be hereafter guarded against a railroad calamity resulting from a draw-bridge. Well, now, if the wise legislators of Connecticut would extend the sphere of their inquiry, and ask if there are not within Connecticut, and within every State of the Union, causes which summon, if not as evidently yet a great deal more fearfully, hundreds and thousands every day to appear before the throne of the Almighty, they would find that draw-bridges are not the only evils from which they have to fear danger within their borders. Again, my friends, whose sympathies have not been aroused? Whose heart has not bled? Whose pity has not been excited, as they have dwelt upon the fearful tale which tells us of the ravages which the pestilence is making in our neighboring city, New Orleans? They are now experiencing there, the visitation of the pestilence; but suppose it were told, in addition to this, that there were to be found in New Orleans a set of men who waxed fat and grew rich by selling to the inhabitants an article of food which was found to be the fruitful source of the yellow fever; would you give any money for the aid of the sufferers and afflicted, till the authorities had done what they could to put down those who caused that pestilence? Is there not another pestilence, compared with which the yellow fever is an nought; and is not this pestilence destroying its victims, not only in the heat of summer, but in the cold of winter? The citizens of New Orleans are rejoicing in the hope, that, as the summer passes away the epidemic will go away on the winds of heaven. But there is another pestilence that knows no season, that knows no climate or locality; it strikes its victim in the crowded haunts of men, and pursues him to his home in the forest. It strikes him in the heat of summer; the cooling winds of autumn bring no refuge from its attack; but, in all seasons and climes, it goes forth, striking its victims with a malady, compared with which the yellow

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The President then introduced Col. E. L. Snow.

He said he was called on unexpectedly, but he felt himself honored in being permitted to speak before an audience. The cause in which we are engaged is such, and the platform one so broad, that no age, color, or sex should be excluded. Our principles are so broad that we have Democrats and Whigs, and every shade of political opinion, all laboring side by side in this great cause. When I look around me, a painful period of my life is brought

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Loud calls now were now made for William Lloyd Garrison, who came forward, and briefly addressed them. He said:

I am glad to be with you on this occasion, and to see so many ardent supporters of the Maine Law here. But, my friends, I am no politician, and my suffrage is restricted from the ballot box, as I am a man of peace, and cannot recognize any laws that are in favor of war; and the Maine Law, if enacted, is to be carried out, even at the peril human life. I do not recognize any law, that countenance slavery, and therefore I could not vote for the Maine Law. If he voted for that law, or any other, or for a man who would pledge himself to support it, he would be virtually recognizing the validity of the laws of this country, recognizing the Constitution, and that Constitution declares the right of the President to make war, and support the Compromise measure. How could I, as a peace man, do this? How could I tell the poor slave that I am his friend, and vote for this law? But I say to those voters who are not so sensitive on those points, that if you do vote at all, vote for the Maine Law. But, for one, I shall take that position which may conscience will sanction.

I doubt if the Maine Law would do all you give it credit for. There are laws against profanity, yet there is none the less swearing. There is a law against lewdness, but it is lessened thereby? He thought too much confidence is placed in law; men are apt to shift off their moral responsibility, and rely upon Legislation. All political reforms are the fruits and not the parents of morality. It is obvious that men who need laws to govern them are not fit to be trusted. He concluded by hoping that the principles of temperature would be carried out to their fullest extent, by all present in such way as the cause would justify. (Cheers.)

A motion was made that when the Convention adjourned, it should do so to meet at 9 o'clock the next morning.

Mr. Oliver Johnson said he hoped the motion would not prevail; he preferred to let the audience go home with the eloquence they have been listening

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The motion was withdrawn.

It was now voted that Mr. Carson prepare a synopsis of his League Organization, for publication in the proceedings. Carried.

Loud calls were made from all parts of the audience for Miss Lucy Stone. She came forward and spoke of the legal disfranchisement of women:

As the outside world has chosen to repudiate her influence, she was glad to find within this Convention that woman is recognized as a helper in the great work of reform.

She would desire to urge that all present should lend their earnest aid to the cause of Temperance. Let us give our head and heart and hand to this cause, until the last rum shop is shut up, and the landlord will be ashamed to rent his building for a rum hole.

If there be but one with us, as Frederick Douglas[s] has said, "that one with God is a majority." No matter if the cause be unpopular, to side with truth is noble. I believe the day will come when we can write in the hearts of the people, the truth of our belief. We can't afford to be other than Temperance men and women. We may lose our personal reputation for a time for our devotion to this cause, but there is a treasure richer than rubies and jewels--the wealth of a consciousness of right. I hope the time will come when with a diamond, will be written, in the drunkard's heart, the firm principles of Temperance.

Waldo Emerson said, and i wish that he was here to say it himself, that, if the girl at the spinning frame tied but one broken thread carelessly, when the fabric was woven and dressed, if it was imperfect, and the master traced it back to the girl who carelessly caused it, she was made to pay the damage. So it will be with us, my friends; if we do not exert a good influence on society, there will be a damaged woof, a faulty thread, and the great Master at the judgment day will trace the fault to its source. (Cheers.)

At the conclusion of Miss Stone's remarks, (of whose unpremeditated eloquence and impressiveness, the report gives no idea,) there was a movement to depart, but calls being made for "Burleigh," and other speakers, the President said:

Friends, is seems to me better that we should have no more speaking; not merely because it is long past ten, but because the calm eloquence which has

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The whole of the resolutions were then passed unanimously.

A vote of thanks was tendered to the reporters for the general fidelity of their reports, and the judgment displayed in presenting the prominent features of the proceedings.

Dr. Parmly then offered the following:

I move but the thanks of the Whole World's Temperance Convention, so remarkable for good order, harmony and earnest enthusiasm, be offered to our President, Thomas W. Higginson, for the able dignified and courteous manner in which he has presided over its deliberations; having at every succeeding session highly distinguished himself for clear views, nice discrimination, and a just and impartial regard for the claims and rights of every individual member, as well as to the great and good cause which has thus called us together. Carried unanimously.

A vote of thanks was hen tendered to the Amphions and to Mr. Clarke for their beautiful songs.

The President then announced that the convention adjourned sine die.

NOTE.

LETTER FROM JOHN G. WHITTIER.

(Received too late to be read in Convention.)

A[M]ESBURY, 29th of 8th Month, 1853.

My Dear Friend:--Thy note of the 20th inst., inviting me to attend the Temperance Convention, called in New York on the 1st and 2nd of next month has just been placed in my hand.

I hasten to say that it would give me pleasure to be able to comply with the invitation. I fully approve of the movement, and wish it abundant success.

Whatever opinion may be honestly entertained, as to the appropriate sphere of woman, it seems to me, that none but the blindest can fail to see that the sphere must include all duties whose obligation rests equally on the whole human family. To be temperate ourselves, and to promote that virtue in others, are duties of this class; and in their exercise, I know no reason why one sex should impose restrictions on the other.

The state of my health (not to mention other obstacles,) must exclude me from active participation in your meeting. But, in spirit and sympathy, I am heartily with you.

As ever, thy friend,
JOHN G. WHITTIER.

Appendix

Account of the Great Meeting at the Tabernacle, at which women delegates were expelled

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WOMAN AND TEMPERANCE. GREAT MEETING AT THE TABERNACLE

THE EXPULSION OF FEMALE DELEGATES FROM BRICK CHURCH CHAPEL.

MISS LUCY STONE'S SPEECH.

A WHOLE WORLD'S CONVENTION PROMISED.

A grand Temperance demonstration was held in the Broadway Tabernacle on Saturday evening. There could not have been less than three thousand persons present. The body of the house, the aisles, the galleries, and the seats usually occupied by the choir, were all filled, and the greatest enthusiasm prevailed throughout the entire evening.

The meeting was organized with the following persons as officers:

President, SUSAN B. ANTHONY, of New-York.

Vice-Presidents.

C. C. Burleigh, Conn.

Harriet K. Hunt, Mass.

E. M. Davis, Pennsylvania.

Francis D. Gage, Mo.

Ashby Pierce, Oregon.

R. T. Robinson, Vermont.

Melissa J. Driggs, Indiana.

Thomas Garret, Del.

Angeline G. Weld, N. J.

Hannah M. T. Cutler, Ill.

These persons took their seats upon the stage at 8 o'clock, amid loud and long-continued applause. Quiet being at last restored, the President Miss ANTHONY, came forward and said:

FRIENDS--The object which has called us here this evening has been so thoroughly advertised, that I deem it a waste of time to make any further explanation. I have the pleasure of introducing to you Miss EMILY CLARK, of Le Roy, New-York, who, during the past year, has been an efficient agent of the Women's State Temperance Society, and who persented in person to the Legislature the great Petition signed by 28,000 women of the State. [Applause.]

Miss CLARK then came forward and made a statement of the doings of the WOMEN'S STATE TEMPERANCE SOCIETY; after which

Dr. J. E. SNODGRASS, of Baltimore, made a short speech.

The President then introduced to the audience

Lucy STONE, of Brookfield, who presented a review of the proceedings of certain male Delegates at the meeting held in the Brick Church Chapel on Thursday morning, May 12, by which the regularly appointed Delegates of an efficient State Temperance Society were rejected, because they were Women. Miss STONE spoke substantially as follows:

[p. 66]

The speaker who preceded me said he did not dream, coming up from a slave-holding state, that, when we met in Brick Church Chapel the other morning, to call a World's Temperance Convention, that any such issue would take place. It is not for me to say that I dreamed of, or thought of. We were there as those who have a deep interest in the cause of Temperance. We went there without any claim beyond that allowed us by the call; and when a noble man nominated noble women to serve on a Committee, throughout the audience were heard cries of "Order!" and motions to "adjourn." Women, they said, had no business there. Women! the sisters of those who were the wives of drunkards. Women! the sisters of those who were the daughters of drunkards. Women! the sisters of those who, by all natural ties, were bound to men who despised them, and had involved them in ruin; these Women were there, and were told by Doctors of Divinity that it was no place for them! [Applause.] We didn't moot the question of Women's Rights; we simply asked that when the whole world came together Women should be recognized as part of the world, and have a right to meet in council with our brothers there. And one grey-haired Minister, the Rev. Dr. Hewitt, who, if he is present, will not be ashamed to have me repeat, what he said, if he was not ashamed to say it, began discussing the question of Woman's Rights--and said, it was "improper," &c, for woman to take part in these proceedings; quoted Paul--said, that all usage was against us; that it was not easy for him to change from what he has always thought and taught. I know it is not easy for an old man, who has not kept this soul open to God's sun-shine and rain-drops, to change. But if he did not believe we had any right, there he should not in the call, have invited friends of Temperance to come together. On the Committee for Credentials, was Rev. Mr. Higginson, of Massachusetts. And when I say this gentleman has been the warmth to the heart and the guide to the head of the Temperance cause there, its friends will not feel that I do him any discredit. He came there at the call, but declined to serve on a committee that could not recognize his sister as well as himself. [Applause.] Mr. Higginson is a "manly man"--a man, who, when a parish were displeased at his faithful preaching, and he knew he was right, gave up his charge, and left the place, scorning pulpit and salary, rather than relinquish his principles to the will of the people. He had learned that there is more than place and honor in human existence. He knew that to abide by the Right was the truest wealth. He declined to serve on the committee. A man, whose name I did not learn, said he hoped the reason of his declining would not be entered in the Secretary's Report. There is hope for that man; for, when a man has shame left, there is a string that may be pulled by which he may be reclaimed. [Applause.]

Rev. Mr. Thompson, of Mass., moved that Lucy Stone on that committee; to which Mr. Barstow, of Providence, immediately said--"I won't put such a motion--I will not preside over such a meeting!" I hope he is here to-night to see that I am telling the truth. [Laugher.] Mr. Thomson insisted, but was ruled down. The committee did not think it was within the call of the Convention to allow women to be heard. Mr. Higginson said that

[p. 67]

[p. 68]

Go feel what I have felt,
Go bear what I have borne,
Sink 'neath the blow a father dealt
And the cold world's proud scorn;
Then suffer on from year to year,
Thy sole relief the scorching tear.

Go kneel as I have knelt,
Implore, beseech, and pray:
Strive the besotted heart to melt,
The downward course to stay,
Be dashed with bitter curse aside,
Your prayers burlesqued, your tears defied.

Go weep as I have wept,
O'ver a loved father's fall,
See every promised blessing swept,
Youth's sweetness turned to gall,
Life's fading flowers strewed all the way,
That's brought me up to woman's day.

Go see what I have seen,
Behold the strong man bow,
With gnashing teeth--lips bathed in blood,
And cold and livid brow
Go catch his withering glance, and see
There mirrored, his soul's misery.

Go on to thy mother's side,
And her crushed bosom cheer,
Thy own deep anguish hide,
Wipe from her cheek the tear;
Mark her worn frame and withered brow,
The grey that streaks her dark hair now!
With fading frame and trembling limb,
And trace the ruin back to him
Whose plighted faith in early youth,
Promised eternal love and truth,

[p. 69]

And many drunkard's daughters with hearts like this, send Susan B. Anthony to plead her cause; but Mr. Fowler says, shall women pursue us everywhere? and he taunts her because she would speak of the wrongs she has suffered. In your city, last summer, a little boy was included by the enemy of his mother, to enter one of those numerous groggeries that are to be found in the Eleventh ward, and was made so drunk that life was not able to keep its place in the body. The mother took her boy in her arms, watched its life as it ebbed away--that mother robbed of her son by the demon of intemperance, sent Emily Clark here to ask, that when the world met together, she might be allowed to do something to save her young children; but the meeting at the Brick Church said, we won't have women among us. No matter, let her child die before her eyes; let her be the wife or daughter of a drunkard, she has no right there. But the whole meeting did not say that; the Rev. Mr. Thompson spoke in favor of equal rights, and I am glad to mention this and many other honorable exceptions. Neal Dow said that if the question had been brought up in Maine, our admission would have been certain. The delegate from New Brunswick said that if we were excluded, it would be only a Half World's Convention. [Cheers.] I am glad to see, by this applause, that disapprove of the calumnies there heaped upon us. They talked there, to be sure, something about their conscience, and said their conscience would not permit them to admit Women. This puts me in mind of the Indian's conscience. He was asked what he meant by conscience. "Oh!" said he laying his hand on his breast," there is something right in here that says, I won't." [Laughter.] The Major of Providence said he thought as much of women as most men do (Laughter.) If that is not a slander upon you, gentlemen, I am sorry. (Renewed laughter and applause.) And yet these men who exclude women are perpetually they think much of Women; not most men do--yet, they tell us we have no business to meddle in this cause, and will not accepts our assistance; and still they will tell you that they are Temperance men, Now--suppose this Tabernacle were on fire to-night, and that a women on the outside discovers the fire, and puts a ladder up to the windows, with real earnestness and sincerity, to save us inside. A. D. D. steps up and tells her it is very unwomanly, and tumbles down the ladder. Now, must he not be a crazy man who would prevent her from saving the building and the precious lives it contains? I say when a man sees thirty thousand drunkards go down to an unhonored grave every year; when he sees their wives and children; when he sees a society like ours, endeavoring to do away with those evils, and he says "No; let the widow wail on, and the child remain the child of a drunkard"--

[p. 70]

Meeting of the Seceding Temperance Delegates

[p. 71]

WHOLE WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION

Meeting of the Seceding Temperance Delegates

A large number of delegates, who withdrew yesterday morning from the Convention held in the Brick Chapel, met yesterday afternoon at the Water Cure establishment of Dr. Trall, No. 15 Leight st., at 2 o'clock. There were over fifty persons present--representatives of eleven different States-- among whom were Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Dr. Snodgrass, Lucy Stone, Lydia F. Fowler, Abby Kelly Foster, Susan B. Anthony, Lydia A. Mott, Dr. Henrietta W. Johnson, Rev. T. W. Higginson, Rev. J. A. Dugdale, Rev. W. B. Williams, Rev. George Hall, and others.

Rev. T. W. HIGGINSON, of Massachusetts, was appointed President, and Susan B. Anthony, Secretary. Mr. Higginson was greeted with applause, on taking the chair.

JOSEPH A. DUGDALE, Pennsylvania Minister of the Society of Progressive Friends, desired to explain his reason for becoming a member of the Convention, which was, that he thought women were quite as much interested in the Temperance movement as the other sex possibly could be. The other Convention took but half the world, this one would embrace the whole.

ABBY KELLEY FOSTER now explained that so far as she was concerned, she would have no Woman's Rights question brought into the Convention, although this question was discussed to such an extent this morning.

Dr. SNODGRASS here stated that, after the ladies left the Convention this morning, the general idea among the delegates seemed to be that they had got rid of the scum, and the true metal was left without alloy. When he left, there was every appearance of a fight taking place, as a Rev. gentleman had called one of the members a liar. He could not say if it had been settled or not, as he withdrew before the settlement of the affair.

A Business Committee was appointed, as follows: Pennsylvania, Joseph A. Dugdale; Massachusetts, Abby Kelley Foster; Maryland, J. E. Snodgrass; New Hampshire, John S. Merrick; New Jersey, Stephen Grimes; Ohio, Isaac Trescott; Oregon, Ashley Pearce; Maine, Daniel T. Adams; New York, Susan B. Anthony; Illinois, Wm. B. Williams; Rhode Island, Wm. Hunt.

After a short absence, the Committee reported Resolutions as follows:

1 Whereas, In response to a call for a preliminary meeting of the friends of Temperance in North America, to make arrangements for a World's Convention in New York during the World's Fair, a meeting assembled in this City on the 12th of May, 1853, which assumed the power to exclude several regularly elected delegates, because they were women.

2. And Whereas, A portion of the members of the meeting have retired from

[p. 72]

Resolved, That a Committee of five be appointed to make the necessary arrangements in this City for the World's Convention.

Resolved, That a Committee of Correspondence, consisting of five, be appointed to secure the presence of able speakers and writers, who shall be prepared with addresses and essays for the occasion.

Resolved, That a Committee of three be appointed to issue the call for a "WHOLE WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONVENTION."

The following are the Committees:

Committee on Local Arrangements--Dr. R. T. Trall, Oliver Johnson, Dr. O. H. Wellington, Lydia F. Fowler, C. B. Le Baron.

Committee on Correspondence--T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Elizabeth C. Stanton, Mary C. Vaughn.

Committee, on Call--Charles C. Burleigh, Lucy Stone, J. A. Dugdale.

After the appointment of the above Committees, a President announced that on Saturday evening next a meeting would be held at the Tabernacle, at which LUCY STONE would present a review of the proceedings at the meeting held in the Brick Church Chapel, on Thursday morning, by which the regularly appointed delegates of an efficient State Temperance Society were insultingly rejected, because they were women! thus palpably violating both the spirit and letter of the published call for said meeting,

After this announcement, the meeting adjourned sine die.

THE CARSON LEAGUE

To the Whole World's Temperance Convention

You have invited me to give an expose of my plan for the Abolition of the Rum Traffic. The annexed brief expose thereof is respectfully submitted for the consideration of the Temperance World.

THOMAS L. CARSON.

City of New York, Sept 3, 1853.

The object of The Carson League is the abolition of Dram Shops and utter extermination of the Rum trade. It proposes to do this by combining the Moneyed power, the Political power and the Legal power of the State. The day of speech and resolution-making is past. All the good they can do is already done. It is time to act, to put our principles and sympathies to the test.

[p. 73]

1. Each member of the League gives the amount of his property on the assessment roll, or as much as he will, to be assessed pro rata for the prosecution of all violations of Excise Laws. Taxed for Rum's doings they must be. Let them be taxed to fine and imprison the murderers of their families, rather than to countenance and support those murderers, and to defray the expense of the imprisonment and ruin of their own children.

3. Through the ballot-box the League is pledged to get possession of all the offices in the Towns, Counties, and Stale, that by them the prohibition of the traffic may be accomplished, and that they be not embarrassed in their efforts. Without the Legislature, we cannot have the Maine Law. Without Judges and Jurors, Sheriffs and Constables, District Attorneys and Poor-masters, nothing can be done to execute such a law, or any other for the prohibition of this trade. Any man who has not this end at heart is not fit to hold office.

3. The Legal Power. This is virtually included in the above. Without the Judiciary, all Temperance laws are unavailing. It is to be had through the ballot-box, and to be set in motion by means of the Monied powers of the Counties and State.

The following is a draft for the Constitution of the League, which may be varied to suit the judgment of the friends in each locality.

Constitution of a County League.

ARTICLE 1. This Association shall be entitled the Carson League of the County of-----, and any person may become a member of the same, by taking one or more shares of the capital stock.

ART. II. The business of the Association shall be conducted by a Board of Directors, composed of one member from each town in the County. The Directors shall be annually elected, and hold their offices until superseded by a new appointment. Three members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

ART. III. The Board shall appoint a President, Vice-President, and an Executive Committee consisting of three members from their own number, a Treasurer and Secretary, and also a General Agent, whose duty it shall be to attend to the prosecutions under the direction of the Executive Committee, and

[p. 74]

ART. IV. Upon the decease or removal from the County of any stockholder of this Association, his or her stock note held by the League shall be annulled, and any member may have their notes returned or canceled at any time, by paying their dues.

ART. V. This Constitution may be altered or amended at any meeting of the League, previous notice of the same having been given, or having been recommended by the Beard of Directors.

The form of the Note of the League, also to be adopted, is as follows:

For Value Received, I promise to pay to the Treasurer of the Carson League of the County of--, for the suppression of Rumselling,--Dollars, payable in pro-rata assessments on the whole stock of said Company, not to exceed, in any one year, fifty cents on a thousand dollars, according to the provisions of their Constitution.

The Practicability of the League

This is not an experiment. It has been gloriously tested.

A League has been formed in the County of Onondago, on a capital of $3,000,000.

In Yates County, on a capital of $1,500,000.

In Chemung County, on a capital of $1,500,000.

In Seneca County, on a capital of $1,500,000.

In Ontario County, on a capital of $100,000.

In Monroe County, on a capital of $6,000,000.

In Chautauque County, on a capital of $2,000,000.

In Delaware County, on a capital of $1,500,000.

In Tompkins County, on a capital of $1,500,000.

In some of the above counties the stock is continually increasing. In all of them, where the League has been faithfully administered, they have been eminently successful. In Yates County, it has almost entirely rid the county of every alcoholic plague-spot. Whether the friends have faihtfully paid in their assessments (which, with the exception of Ontario, has in no instance exceeded 50 cents on the $1,000), the legal power, through the prosecuting agents, has done, or is admirably accomplishing the work. Rum-sellers and politicians are appalled and rebuked by it. Where the assessments have not been promptly paid, as in the County of Onondago, though much is done, the work has been lamentably delayed.

The Rum power is now possessed of the Moneyed, Political, and Legal powers.

[p. 75]

I conclude my hasty expose, with a notice of the fact that a State Convention of the Carson League is to be held in the City of Rochester, on the 13th October next, at 10 o'clock A. M., not to pass resolutions and make speeches, (we are sick of them), but to devise plans to carry this enterprise through the State; and I invite all who are impatient for the Maine Law and its faithful execution, to be present in it, and let the work be done, to use a homely expression, "right along." We want to open an office in every suitable locality in the State, at once, where the poor drunkards' wives and families may come with their complaints, and be sure of finding a friend, ready and willing to protect them by the strong arm of the law.

We have a newspaper published at Syracuse, called The Carson League, at $1, which weekly issues 4,000 sheets, to advocate this policy, and to inform the Temperance public of the progress of our cause, and the practical workings of our plan.

T. L. CARSON.

Carson League for the City of New York

It is said that illegal rum-selling cannot be prevented in the city of New York. With the countenance and support of the Temperance men of the city, I propose to attempt the suppression of such illegal traffic, by means of what is now generally known through the County as the Carson League. Let there be three or more offices established in the city, or one to every Police Court. Let the Temperance men of the city volunteer to pay, on their assessed property, five cents on the hundred dollars, into the hands of a responsible treasurer, to be used in paying the services of a prosecuting agent, to be appointed for each of those offices, and such other sub-agents as the prosecuting agent may deem it necessary to employ, and I will engage to shut up the illegal rum-selling so soon as the law can be applied, as we have in the Counties where the League has been faithfully administered.

There is now more than 50 cents paid on every handled dollars to sustain this illegal trade; we pledge ourselves to suppress it at an expense of 5 cents only on the hundred dollars.

THOMAS L. CARSON.

City of New York, Sept. 6, 1853.

[p. 76]

To the Whole Worlds' Temperance Convention, to assemble in
New York City, on the 1st of September, 1853.

LIVERPOOL, AUGUST, 6TH, 1853.

Dear Brothers and Sisters in Convention assembled, Greeting:

Your sisters in England, who compose the "Order of the Daughters of Rechab" in Liverpool, seek permission earnestly to express their most hearty approval of true sobriety, which exists alone in entire abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, as the most certain means, in the hands of God, for improving the mental powers, and moral worth, of the whole human family; and their earnest desire faithfully to discharge their duty to their fellow-creatures, as sisters, daughters, wives, mothers, and Rechabites--employing every means, placed in their power by an all-wise Providence, for the speedy propagation of the most glorious principles of pure sobriety; and they rejoice to add that their labors have not proved unavailing.

Though, for a while, their hopes were partially blighted by their members being decreased, when in the midst of doubt, darkness, and despair, the bright, sun of hope, with lightning speed, shot forth and argued--

"Then whilst their's work for you to do,
Stand not despairing by;
Let forward be the move you make,
And 'Onward' be your cry."

They obeyed the wholesome call, and heaven, smiling upon their labors, has crowned them with success.

The bearer of this humble tribute of good will, from the Liverpool Daughters of Rechab to the TRUE World's Convention, for the sterling character of her teetotalism, the eloquence of her advocacy, and the morality of her life, has, for the last twenty years of her public career, stood high in the estimation of the total abstainers of Great Britain, among whom she faithfully labored.

Trusting that the deliberations of the Convention, under the Divine blessing, will be pregnant with unbounded benefit to the cause throughout the world, they will not further trespass upon the valuable time of the Convention, but cheerfully subscribe themselves their most faithful sisters and co-operators in the regeneration of the world from the deadly evils of intemperance.

Signed, on behalf of the Liverpool Daughters of Rechab,
SUSANA CARTER, P. S. M.
(Liverpool District, No. 13,)
JOHN CARTER, P. C. R.

Letters written to convention

[p. 77]

LETTER FROM SAMUEL W. WHEELER

PROVIDENCE, R. I., Aug. 31, 1853.

To the President of the Whole World's Temperance Convention in New York City:--

Having been delegated to your Convention, and circumstances being such as to hinder my being present, (which I very much regret) I take liberty to speak to you by letters.

I have been eighteen years an active laborer (for the most of that time) in the Temperance cause. From the year 1833 to 1841 I think there was in this city a rapid advance among the people in the principle and practice of Total Abstinence from the sale and use of intoxicating drinks; and the cause has never stood to well as it did at the latter date since; that was about the height of the Washingtonian movement with us. The regular systematic licensing had been abandoned by our city authorities; and intoxicating drinks were only sold by authority, by the apothecaries and a few ethers. Legislation has in my opinion retarded the progress of the cause; I do not say or believe that a law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating drinks, would not be of great service, if it could be executed as other laws are; and in this way only; by shutting up the places where liquors were sold, it would hinder the lower classes of people from getting it as a beverage; and would thus prevent much pauperism and crime. But we still have the example of the rich and powerful, whose influence, over-rides all mere law that ever can be made on the subject. Indeed I think the class of persons I allude to, are far more to blame than the mere keepers of tippling shops--but I did not take my pen, for any lengthy communication --my main object was to call attention to a fact in all the MAINE LAWS, that have been enacted--and that fact is, that they all provide for the appointment of agents for the sale of the accursed stuff, for medicinal and mechanical purposes. In my opinion intemperance and its evils can never be done away so long as there are any places authorized to be kept for such purposes. I furnished an article for our temperance paper, about these agencies, and the sale in them of some thirty kinds of liquor for a medicine! The leading temperance men here are evidently in favor of the City Rum Shop.

I enclose an article which was published in July 1852 soon after our City Agency was established. I hope the Convention will be united in condemning the use of liquors as a medicine--and I know there will be men in the Convention who will and can satisfy all who may be present, that there is no need of the use of alcoholic liquors as a medicine.

I hope you will have a Convention of earnest, uncompromising men and women, and who will be the means of much good in the direction in which you are laboring.

May God and his good spirit guide you all.

SAMUEL W. WHEELER.

Separate essays

[p. 78]

[THE PUBLISHERS append, on their own responsibility, the following excellent philosophical and argumentative Essays, by R. T. TRALL, M.D., and by Hon. HORACE GREELEY, which have been printed, and may now be had, in tract form.]

PHILOSOPHY OF THE TEMPERANCE REFORMATION, OR, THE RELATIONS OF ALCOHOL AND
THE HUMAN ORGANISM, CHEMICALLY, PHYSIOLOGICALLY, AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED;

A PRIZE ESSAY;

TO WHICH THE PERMIUM OF $100 WAS AWARDED, BY THE GENERAL TEMPERANCE
COUNCIL.

BY R. T. TRALL, M.D.

THE cause of Total Abstinence from all that intoxicates, is destined, I firmly believe, to lead the way to a greater moral renovation and physical regeneration in all the essential elements of human nature, than even its warmest friends dare now anticipate. Temperance reform, in its present aspect, has, probably but a single, serious obstacle in the way of universal and complete success. It is not yet well understood by the mass. True science, history and experience have shed their floods of light on the subject, yet, still, in many quarters the cloud of ignorance site deep; still there are thousands of our fellow men, intelligent on nearly every other theme within tire range of human thought, grossly benighted on this. Indeed, it is but a few years since the progress of knowledge developed those principles which point as to the true philosophy of this matter.

It is also true that innumerable spectacles of wo--ten thousand sights of horror --countless scenes of human degradation and misery--and all the blackening train of vice, and crime, beggary, devastation and undistinguished ruin, that follow in the wake of the dram-drinking fashion and folly, have brought this subject home, in all its frightful phases, to our thoughts and feelings! We have all heard the sounds of drunken revelry mingling with the night winds; we have all heard the wail of suffering woman borne on the breeze; we have heard the unprotected orphan's cry echoed from a thousand barren tenements of want and wretchedness; we have seen the outcast offspring of the inebriate running wild and wo-stricken through our streets, thinking of nothing but a morsel of food or a rag of raiment, and feeling nothing but the delirious desperation of outraged sense;--and O ye virtuous makers and merciful administrators of the laws!--is it crime for the poor, tattered, starved, shivering wretch, maddened with nature's every want unsatisfied, to take unlawfully the tempting garment, or fuel, or food! We have listened to the maniac's scream upon the burdened air! we have beheld the human form divine, despoiled of nearly every humanizing attribute, and transformed to a loathsome demoniac condition of beastliness, and we have said, truly, all this is the work of the alcoholic bane. And many of us have said, with this foul thing we will no more! This blighting fiend of desolation shall rule over us, and ravage among our vitals, no more forever!

[p. 79]

Yet with all these terrible evidences before their eyes;--with all this tremendous tide of consequences rolling from the records of the past, there are those who have not said, from this fell demon we will be free! Why cling so many to the intoxicating cup, as though therein dwelt strength, and health, and life, instead of debility, disease and death? And why are there yet so many among the great, the reputable and exalted ii life, spell-bound by the infernal charm of Intoxicating poison, and who either damn the cause of teetotalism with faint praise, or stand entirely aloof from it, or absolutely oppose it? Alas! they know not what they do. They know not what they sacrifice to fashion!

I fully believe that if every person in the community could be made clearly to understand the nature and properties of alcohol, its relations to the human constitution, and its chemical and physiological effects on the animal organism, we should have no further occasion to talk temperance; license laws would no longer trouble us; liquor, venders would turn away in horror from their unblessed vocation, and spirit-makers would cease to pervert the works of God, to converting the wholesome food he has made to sustain us, into the nefarious poison to destroy us; at any rate, there would nobody be found willing to swallow that burning depravity, "whose ingredient is a devil."

I believe if these truths could be written on the human understanding, that man, so enlightened, would turn away from all that intoxicates, as from a murdering basilisk! and he would teach his children, he would tell his brother, be would exhort his fellow man to avoid strong drink, through all its extended variety of many-colored beverages and elegant fashionable disguises, as they would a scorpion's sting which inflicts certain disease and probable death.

To present this subject, in outline, to those who have never critically investigated it, as plainly and philosophically as my very limited space will allow, is the task before me.

Let me commence by indicating two important principles, as laws of nature, which I desire the reader steadily to keep in mind.

1. Every thing that it useful or proper, either as food or drink, for man or animals, is produced naturally by same process of growth in living, organic matter.

2. Every substance proper for animal sustenance, either as food or drink, is such only while it remains in the same organic state and chemical condition in which nature produced it.

Now what is alcohol! Does alcohol grow! Is it found a constituent principle in anything that has life? Never! Go search creation through. Examine all the structures and fluids of that being whom alone God has taught to laugh or weep and of all the tribes of animated existence that "roam the wood, or wing the sky, or roll along the flood,"--you find it not. Look through all the vegetable kingdom; analyze the alimentary grains, the nutritious seeds, the esculent roots, and the luscious fruits; it is not there. Then go down to the mineral regions; search through all the strata of earth and explore the depths of old ocean; it is not there. Nature, throughout all her domain of things animate and inanimate, has not produced it. Whence comes it then? Human art, led on by the solicitation of depraved instincts, has produced it;--not by any process of growth and development, but by a process of destruction and retrogradation. Many persons, even at this day, think alcohol is a constituent of vegetable matter. I read not long since, in a work evincing much greater metaphysical than chemical knowledge,

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Let us try to understand this matter. There are among those vegetables which the beneficent Creator has caused to grow for our sustenance, various proximate principles which are nutritious; as water, sugar, starch, gum, gluten, fibrin, albumen, and others, which are called, in dietetic works, alimentary principles. Now so long as these proximate principles maintain their natural state, or chemical condition, so long are they salutary food and drink, but no longer. They are all composed, mainly, of certain proportions of Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen, which constitute their primitive or ultimate elements. It the proportions of these ultimate elements become changed, in any way, the whole nature of the substance is altered, and the most healthful aliment may thus be converted into the most virulent poison. To illustrate. The air we breathe is composed of about one part of oxygen, to three of nitrogen; but by combining a greater portion of oxygen we make aqua fortis, a powerfully corrosive liquid that will decompose the animal structures like fire. Water is composed of definite proportions of oxygen and hydrogen; but unite those elements in any other proportions and there to water no longer. A sound potatoe is wholesome food; but when it rots, its organic state, or chemical constitution is changed; it is no longer food, and, if you eat it, you will get poisoned. The juice of an Apple, or Grape is salutary drink; but let those juices rot, change their natural state, or in other words, ferment, and they are nature's beverage no longer.

Now in making alcohol, the nutrient vegetable principles undergo fermentation. And what is fermentation? In plain language, it is simply--a rotting process. The proximate, organic, vegetable principles putrefy, become decomposed, and are physiologically destroyed; but, being subjected to certain circumstances of air, temperature and moisture, some of their ultimate elements, set free by the process of decomposition, recombine in new forms and produce new substances, one of which is alcohol. The fermentation of leavened bread converts a portion of the sugar into carbonc acid gas, and if the fermentation is carried too far the gluten is destroyed and acetic acid developed--or, as the women say, their bread is sour. Hence fermentation in the best of bread diminishes its nutritive qualities. If food ferments in the stomach, instead of digesting, various acid, acrid and irritating compounds are formed, as the dyspeptic well knows--greatly to his cost! and all fermentation, whether panary, saccharine, vinous, acetic, or putrefactive, is simply the transformation of matter from its organic or proximate, to its ultimate or elementary conditions, in different stages of the process of retrogradation and destruction.

Thus we see that alcohol, so far from being a product of growth and organic formation, is exactly the contrary, a result of decay and destruction; and it has, clearly no more place among man's beverages than arsenic has among his foods. The virus of the rattlesnake, when taken into the human stomach, has a pleasant, nervine and exhilarating effect, and is, in fact, thus used, a less deadly poison than alcohol. But if this virus be inserted under the skin, it proves rapidly destructive.

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But dram drinkers should notice another thing. The alcoholic beverages of commerce are even worse than the alcohol itself. They do not get the alcoholic poison pure; but it is further dragged with still other poisons. Read a part of the long catalogue of pernicious agents to common use; namely, Essential Oils, Cocculus Indicus, Logwood, Brazil Wood, Alum, Green Vitriol, Oil of Vitriol, Capsicum, Opium, Tobacco, Aloes, Bitter Oranges, Henbane, Nux Vomica, Sugar of Lead, Oil of Bitter Almonds, India Berry, Poke Berries, Elder Berries, Poison Hemlock, Guinea Pepper, Laurel Water, Prussic Acid, Dragon's Blood, Lamb's Blood, Gum Benzoin, Red Sanders, Burnt Sugar, Salt of Tartar, and so on. Here are some of the most deadly vegetable and mineral agents in the world, with which nearly all the liquors, wines, ales, and beers in the world, and often cider, are drugged and adulterated. A late work on Chemistry enumerates forty-six articles commonly used in making beer alone; and almost every species of the light and sweet wince, such as ladies sometimes think delectable, is extensively adulterated.

Such, Ladies and Gentlemen, are some of the detestable poisons you who drink strong drink, are occasionally taking into your blood, to course through your veins, and, by mingling with the currents of life, to mar and deform your bodily structures. Would to God that every lady in the fashion-forming circles of society, as she sips the ruby wine, and relishes the taste, and tosses her high head in dignified disdain, saying, "Oh! if I could not be temperate without signing a paper," could see all the foul drugs mingled is the draught she takes into her beautiful mouth!

I come now to the relations of alcohol to the human constitution.

We are accustomed to say that alcoholic drink ruins the mind and destroys the body. This is true figuratively or practically and in effect. We cannot say, in strict philosophy, that it affects mind directly in its nature or essence. We must mean therefore, that the medium through which that mind manifests itself to us, is changed, so as to suppress or modify that manifestation. Mind--what is it? We see its operation as perfect in the young child as in the educated adult, yet of more limited powers, just as its organism is less developed. It is the same in the degraded sot of brutal visage and idiotic countenance, as in the sober man of angel aspect. Why then is mind, in the child and the adult, in the drunkard and in the sober man, apparently so different? Look at the condition of their bodies and you have the answer.

Put into the bands of Vieux Temps, a well-made, full-toned, tour-stringed violin, and give to Ole Bull a broken, shattered, ill-fashioned, two-stringed fiddle;--while one would "discourse most eloquent music," the other would only grate out "horrible discord," and yet both are good musicians. This body is the instrument on which the mind plays; and if the instrument was always kept in good order, the performer, would always produce such "concord of sweet sounds" as angels would delight to hear.

The particular organ that manifests the mind is the brain. Those channels through which it receives and transmits impressions, from and to all parts of the

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If these views are correct, it follows deductively, that, whatever injures man's bodily structures, and deranges his organic functions, will just in that ratio deteriorate his whole nature, whether we call it physical, or mental, or moral; and, conversely, whatever improves his organic condition tends to exalt his whole nature, and elevate and ennoble all his powers, feelings, thoughts, affections, and attributes.

The brain is the most exquisite arrangement of organic matter that exists; so fine, soft, and delicate as to be almost fluid; indeed, it is composed of nearly nine-tenths pure water. Now whatever affects, in any way, this brain, and those nerves which run to and from it, affects in a corresponding degree, not the mind, but its operation through that brain and nervous system. If a blow is received on the head, and this delicate organ materially disturbed, the person is senseless and thoughtless; he feels nothing and knows nothing. Yet his mind is not essentially altered. If this brain is deprived of its due supply of blood, or if that blood is thrown upon it in undue proportion or force, its structure is deranged and the manifestation of mind is different. The man who has taken a large draught of intoxicating liquor, sees one object in two places at the same time; he imagines the sidewalk is rising up to knock him on the head; he thinks the lamp-posts are making threatening gestures; he fancies his friend looks insultingly awry to provoke him to combat; he concludes everything around him is misplaced, distorted, or in unwonted commotion, and he judges that moons and stars are dancing antics and fantastics over his head. His mind operates through a disordered medium. There is no mystery whatever in that illusion of unbalanced faculties which transforms wife, children, friends and fellow creatures, into spectral devils, demons, fiends and damned spirits! And is it strange, that, in this state of perturbed sense, he perpetrates acts of folly, and crime, and outrage?

The principles I have thus far considered, demonstrate, beyond all peradventure that alcohol is, to every shape or form, chemically incompatible with every fluid and structure, and physiologically incompatible with every function, of the human economy; yes, with every vital process of every living thing, animal or vegetable. Things chemically incompatible are those which cannot maintain their separate conditions when brought into contact. They act upon, neutralize, and destroy each other. Acids and alkalies afford familiar examples. When brought together, they destroy each other, and form third substances different from either. But acids and alkalies are natural constituents of our bodies, and, therefore, are rendered physiologically compatible by forming third substances which are also natural constituents. Alcohol is not, and cannot become, with any proximate principle, a natural constituent of the animal organism, and hence it is wholly and unqualifiedly a chemically destructive agent. The vital fluids counteract the influence of the alcoholic poison to a certain extent, but they are neutralized in turn; the contact is mutually destructive; and the contest is only prolonged indefinitely because

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The many well authenticated cases on record of spontaneous combustion, afford, also, couclusive evidence of the chemical incompatability of alcohol with the entire animal organism. This strange phenomenon has never occurred except with hard drinkers. This process is a merely rapid decomposition of all the bodily fluids and solids, so strongly impregnated with alcohol as to be absolutely combustible, yet precisely analagous to that slower process of destruction always going on with all dram-drinkers, and which may break out into a consuming flame, literally, whenever any adequate exciting cause is applied, at any moment after the influence of the alcoholic agent has rendered the vital energies weaker than more chemical affinities.

I say alcohol is also incompatible with the living organism, physiologically. By this I mean that it excites natural emotions to an inordinate intensity, or suppresses healthy actions, or disturbs the balance of action between several organs. This is too plain to need illustration. Bat I cannot forbear here alluding to the strong chemical affinity that exists between alcohol and the brain and nervous structures as is evinced by its hardening effects upon, and its frequent presence in, the brain. Now the strength of chemical affinity is in ratio to the opposite nature and physiological incompatability of substances; hence the nervous tissue suffers more from this inimical agent than any other. This seems to explain the more peculiar influence of alcohol on the brain as the organ of the mind; and deplorable is the error of those who mistake the vital resistance--that rapid expenditure of the fund of life the excitement of that exhausting warfare between the living organism and the unnatural foe, because in that preternatural commotion brilliant scintillations of intellect are sometimes emitted--for an exaltation of all the mental energies.

There are many who, still harping on the oft-exploded sophism, that alcohol may be used or abused, may say the best bread and the purest water are great evils when excessively or improperly used. Very true; but these men entirely overlook the radical difference. We may take too much food and drink, or that not of the best quality, or preparation, and suffer from it. Here we get some good and some evil. Those articles still contain useful and nutritious properties. The material is right, but the application is wrong; here is use and abuse. Alcohol contains nothing useful or nutritious; consequently all such employment is abuse. Again, the best aliment is that which nourishes our bodies with the least excitement. Alcohol only produces excitement without a particle of nourishment. Its whole character as a drink is unmitigated evil.

To those who contend for its dietetic use as a medicine, I have only to say, first, tell me what is your disease, and, second, show me that you procure it and use it after the manner of other medicines, and if I am obliged to charge you with mal-practice,

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If you go to medical records to learn how alcohol affects the human system, you learn there that it inflames the coats of the stomach, disorders the liver, excites the blood-vessels, poisons the blood, vitiates the secretions, renders the bland juices of the body acrid and irritating, paralyzes the nerves, hardens the brain, produces dropsy, dyspepsia, jaundice, marasmus, consumption, gout, rheumatism, eruptions, ulcers, tumours, carbuncles, leads to imbecility, insanity, and delirium tremens, and so on through nearly the whole catalogue of human maladies. The fact is, it diseases the whole constitution, taints every fluid, and poisons every solid, and it depends upon mere casualties what particular form the general disease may assume. One man of phlegmatic temperament may be more liable to dropsy, or asthma; another, of active habits and excitable brain, will have delirium tremens; a third, whose vital organs are weak, consumption; a fourth, whose organization was originally defective, palsy; a fifth, of full habit and sedentary pursuits, gout, apoplexy, and so forth. Thus the dram-drinking individual is always diseased--all over--everywhere; and whenever any incidental exciting cause is applied, so that the general morbid condition is thrown with disproportionate violence upon a particular organ or part, we call it a specific disease, and name it accordingly. Conclusive on this point is the fact, that nearly all pathological authors have noticed that dram-drinkers of all sorts, from brandy-topers, rum-suckers, gin-swiggers, whiskey-tipplers, to wine-bibbers, ale-soakers, and beer-guzzlers, and even cider-bruisers, are ever liable to severe and fatal consequences from slight wounds, cuts, and injuries, which in water-drinkers are scarcely objects of solicitude.

There is another consideration, in my own opinion, of more appalling magnitude than anything else connected with this whole subject, and it is a consideration to which the public mind has been seldom directed; and I would that its truth could be clothed in sunbeams of light, and aped like lightning a flash to the judgment and conscience of every member of the whole family of mankind! I mean the transmission of organism from parent to child. We know that the alcoholic poison diseases and vitiates the whole organization. We know, too, that organization, good or bad, is transmissible. What a thought! for a parent to transmit to his offspring a depraved imperfect, and malformed organization! Have you never seen the fond mother's hopes blasted in an offspring, deformed in some feature of body, by which the symmetry of the whole was marred, or deficient, or disproportioned in some mental organ, by which fatuity, or imbecility, or eccentricity, was stamped on the character! That mother suffers not alone. Her child suffers irremediably; and that child's child perchance suffers, and too future generations suffer. If there is one duty high as heaven, and solemn as eternity, and paramount to all others devolving on parents in this relation, it is to transmit to posterity pure, perfect, and uncontaminated tenements, in which for those spirits to sojourn, which are to animate and actuate them through life's whole pilgrimage! A drunken parent can never be the father or mother of healthy offspring; nor can a habitual moderate drinker be the progenitor of an tone as sound and perfect as it should be. If an immoderately dram-drinking man's organization is injured in a

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Now, granting the premises I have laid down, where are the moderate drinkers going to get their boasted strength of mind to regulate their moderate indulgences? They look at the poor drunkard and say, "What a miserable mind that fellow must have." Yonder is a long array of drunkards, and following close behind them is an equal army of moderate drinkers; and the moderate drinkers call all the drunkards weak-minded, tools, beasts, and every opprobious epithet, yet still follow right on to their footsteps, imitating all their conduct, and meeting the same fate. No; temperate drinker, be not deceiving and deceived! The poor drunkard's mind is exactly like yours. His mind, even now, is just as good and just as strong as yours or mine. True, yon have not yet got your senses so steeped in depravity, so pickled down in contamination as his; but the difference is only in degree, which time is fast obliterating. Soon you may reach the point where he now stands, and then another moderate drinker will take the position you now occupy, and point the finger of scorn at yon, as he repeats your stereotyped argument: "What a miserable mind that fellow must have!" This idea of controlling morbid propensities while you continue to deprave the Organization--of creating artificial appetencies, and then governing them as though they were natural, by some inexplicable process or magic called strength of mind, is a delusion that has led its thousands, yea, its millions, down the rapid stream of moderate indulgence to the murky pool of immoderate drunkenness. You might as well take a viper to your bosom, and, when yon begin to feel the working of its fangs, cry out "O! strength of mind! save me from being poisoned!"

Of all deluded men the moderate drinker is the most deluded. The teetotaler, whose senses are pure, and whose organic sensibilities are natural, as for as strong drink is concerned, if perchance he swallows the baleful draught, he feels it cut-sting, scorch, and burn along the throat and through the stomach; he feels it "flame through, the nerves and boil along the veins;" he notices the clouded vision, the reeling brain, the quivering fibre, the trembling muscle, the staggering limb; he is aware that every animal instinct proclaims to the scat of intellect, the presence of an enemy within the citadel of life, and he knows how it affects him.

And the poor drunkard, whose organization has already passed through, in some respects, the transformations of disease to positive destruction, as the dilapidated house of flesh seems to moulder and crumble around his spirit, and as that spirit recalls him to consciousness in its struggles to unearth itself of its dishonored tabernacle, he feels the premature wreck, and secs the ruined fragments of himself, and he knows how it has affected him.

And the liquor vender, as he looks around his neighborhood and sees his fellow-creatures

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And the spirit manufacturer, as he works the healthful food of man into the execrable poison, and as he compounds his villainous drugs to flavor and give additional potency to his commissioned emissary of desolation, and thus augment the presence of the glittering god he worships, knows full well how it will affect those who drink it.

But the moderate drinker seems not to know anything about it. He cannot feel, and will not see, and likes not to hear any thing about it. The senses of taste and smell seem to be the only avenues through which impressions find access to his thoughts on this subject. Because he is not yet past the season of pleasurable stimulation; because he can yet feel a dizzying satisfaction in the delirious whirl of morbid excitement; because he yet finds some moments of fitful enjoyment in the revelry of debauch, while the confirmed inebriate only drinks to drown the maddening sense of a consuming system; because he still finds an alluring madness in that draught which thrills the domain of life for a moment, and then leaves him, like the blasted trunk of the forest tree, upon which the red lightning of the storm-cloud has expended its rage; I say because of all this, he draws himself up into a state of invincible self-complacency, and says--"I know myself; when I get so that I cannot control myself there is time enough to sign the pledge. I know how I feel, as well as anybody can tell me; and however it may be with others, it does me no harm to take a little occasionally." And if you push the matter into details, you will find he is in favor of taking a little for medicinal purposes, when he is very cold--or very hot--or very dry--or very wet--or very dull--or very bright. After a little further experience, he says, "I am satisfied a little bitters once a day or so is very refreshing;" and further on, "A very small horn morning and evening is first rate;" and still later, "A moderate dram three times a day is really useful; and after a while, "Four or five decent drinks in the course of the day are, in my case, absolutely indispensable;" and as "time rolls its ceaseless course," he declares at length--"I have tried liquor a long time, and I find it agrees with my constitution exactly"--because, ruin and disorder now agree with it!

Now at any stage of his downward progress, were you to admonish him--" Friend, do you not drink a little too mach! Is not the habit growing upon you?" "No!" He feels insulted. "I know what agrees with me. I can command myself as well as ever I could." And if you tell him it has injured you and ruined thousands; if you cite him to sorrowing fathers, to mourning mothers, to weeping wives, to desolated homes and beggared children, to societies ravaged and nations destroyed; if you challenge him to point you to a single instance, himself alone excepted, where that being whom God designed "to walk erect, and wear sweet smiles, with face upturned to heaven," has been benefitted by intoxicating beverages, he still persists that he is no exception to all rules in philosophy, laws of nature, or records of history, or monuments of time; and perhaps stammers out as a clincher to all reasoning--" What's one's meat, may be another's poison."

Here, then, is the philosophy of the teetotal pledge. The dram-drinker can sign that pledge. He is still capable of voluntary action, and he can keep that pledge. Then he bursts the chains of depraved propensity by which he has been led, and binding unnatural appetite fast in firm resolve, is free indeed. Then the energies of his soul beam forth brightly again, like the radiant sun through retiring clouds.

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To pursue this subject a little further in its physiological aspect. Alcohol possesses three distinct properties, and produces, consequently, a three-fold physiological effect:

1. It has a nervine property, by which it excites the nervous system inordinately and exhilarates the brain. This property is like that of the pure nervines, as tea, coffee, musk, sulphuric ether, and others.

2. It has a stimulant property, like ammonia, phosphorus, capsicum, and others, by which it inordinately excites the muscular motions, and the actions of the heart and blood-vessels.

3. It has a narcotic property. This is precisely the same is alcohol as in the pure narcotics, as henbane, prusssic acid, deadly nightshade, and others. The operation of this property is to suspend the nervous energies, soothe, and stupefy the subject.

Now any article possessing either one, or but two of these properties without the other, is a simple and harmless thing compared with alcohol. It is only because alcohol possesses this combination of properties, by which it operates on various organs and affects several functions, in different ways, at one and too same time, that its potency is so dreadful and its influence so fascinating, when once the appetencies are thoroughly depraved by its use. It excites and calms, it stimulates and prostrates, it disturbs and soothes, it energizes and exhausts, it exhilarates and stupifies, simultaneously.

The property that is most manifest under its influence depends on the relative quantity taken and the periods of repetition. If a man takes very small doses, and repeats them often, the nervine effect will be most apparent; he acts fantastically smart, laughs very ridiculously, and talks excessively silly, If he takes larger drams at longer intervals, the stimulant operation is predominant; his blood is thrown into irregular motion, his muscles contract spasmodically, his lower animal propensities are lashed to disproportionate intensity, and he feels pugnacious and destructive. If he takes very large draughts, the nervine and stimulant effects soon pass off, and the narcotic is chiefly manifest; his veins becomes turgid, his tongue swells, his muscles relax, his limbs tremble, he becomes stupified and falls to the ground, a senseless mass of blasted humanity, and then he is called intoxicated. The fact is, a man is as truly intoxicated--drunk--with a small dose as with a large one, only in a different manner and degree. You can often see in the habitual dram-drinker all three of these properties manifested from a single dram. When the liquor first begins to operate, he becomes remarkably good-natured and unendurably friendly; he talks, laughs, and sings; he seems to like everything and everybody. Wait an hour; the scowl settles on his brow; the frown distorts his features; and if the most trivial incident strikes his imagination crosswise, the bestial propensities rule; his lower jaw moves and his head shakes with the ferocity of a tiger; he snaps, and snarls, and grits his teeth with the malice of a dog; and

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Now, what rational man would ever pretend, in going through a long course of fever, when his nerves were impaired, his brain inflamed, his blood fermenting, and his strength reduced, that he would be able, through all the commotion and destruction, and change of organism, to govern his tastes, control his morbid cravings, and regulate his thoughts, words and actions. Much less ground has the moderate drinker to calculate on governing himself by and by, when his stomach is inflamed, his blood vitiated, his brain hardened, his nerves exhausted, his senses perverted, and all his feelings changed, and when all the little drafts with which he has been poisoning himself to death piecemeal, moderately, manifest suddenly their accumulated power over him.

What but delusion of the grossest kind could ever induce intelligent, reflecting, enlightened, christianized beings, when they behold with eyes wide open, in the expressive phrase of holy writ, ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands of their fellow mortals, drinking of the intoxicating bowl, moderately at first, then immoderately, then becoming, as the hard of Avon and of Nature has told the whole in one truthful line, "From now a sensible man, by and by, a fool, and presently a beast," and then living awhile in wretchedness, loathed by the good, despised by the bad, and abused by all, and, lastly, lying down in a drunkard's dishonored grave;--what, I say, but delusion deep as darkest midnight, could induce them to go and do likewise, and suffer likewise, and die likewise! I say again they know not what they do.

These men can swallow the detestable grog; they can appreciate its first excitement; they can feel that unnatural whirl of disordered sense, in which pain and pleasure struggle for the mastery; they can realize the sinking depression that follows; they can view the paroxysm of intoxicated oblivion; and these in their superficial fancies comprise the whole circle of consequences necessarily attendant on the tippler's life. No--No! These are all "trifles light as air," compared with that invisible work of ruin and demolition going on within too domain of vitality. Their limited ken docs not penetrate the interior of this microcosm--this miniature universe--the human being. They see not the minute atoms of organized matter changing their relations and conditions. They do not perceive the little, living, blood globules which nourish and replenish every part broken down and destroyed by contact with the bunting fluid. They do not understand how, as it rushed along the nerves and tears a swift passage to the brain, it destroys the arrangement of those atomic particles which make up their structure; just as the electric stream from the surcharged cloud, behind whose acrial vapors too "thunder holds his black tremendous throne," wending its zigzag way to earth, thrills with deathful energy through the fibres of him who stands in his track, and leaves him to all appearance the same--yet lifeless?

Oh! say not, temperate drinker, that you can clasp the merciless fiend to your bosom, and when its encircling coils are fast around you, rise on the wings of your strength of mind, and fly back to temperance! Oh! forget not that when you corrupt the material organism, you extinguish the influence of the immaterial principle within it. Where, then, is your strength of mind! Say you, that, when you see and feel the danger you will retrace your steps? Alas so reasoned, and so

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Finally, when we present those momentous truths to such persons, with all the train of irrefragable evidences that should commend them to their profoundest scrutiny and conviction, how are we met? They resort to every flimsy subterfuge of evasion and sophistry that might be expected, not from blank ignorance, but from intellect educated wrong, fettered by fashion, trammelled by custom, and blinded by prejudice. When we ask one of these men to pledge his honor as a man that he will not injure or destroy himself; that he will not set the example of suicide for his children to imitate; that he will not do that which encourages the wrong he condemns in others; to throw his influence into the moral scale on the side of virtue and truth; to aid us in annihilating human misery, and elevating man to the dignity and integrity of his prime of days; he answers us, 'Why, if I pledge myself not to destroy myself, though I am fully determined not to destroy myself, I cannot, I shall not, and I will not destroy myself in this disgraceful manner; yet if I bind myself not to destroy myself, I shall sign away my liberty!' Beautiful philosophy, and worthy of a darker age than history has yet recorded! Would not a man, wrecked at sea, and bound around with a noble life-preserver, be deprived, think you, of his liberty to sink! Yes; man, proud, reasoning man, dependent naturally and absolutely on his God, and dependent necessarily on the Character of that society which surrounds him, would be free. And he argues substantially, that independence implies the right to do wrong! He reasons that the largest liberty grants the privilege of becoming the greatest fool; and, that perfect freedom is only compatible with the ability to make one's self a slave, if in some moment of hallucination one chooses to do so! He says he will not become a foolish drunkard. He declares he does not mean to become a miserable slave to alcohol. He should be very much ashamed of himself, if he thought he ever should become so lost to self-respect; but as to pledging himself not to--O! precious liberty!

Such being the consequences resulting from the use of the alcoholic poison, what

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A great principle of the common law is, in substance, the same with the eternal law of God, the golden law of reciprocity, the glorious rule, alike of equality and benevolence.

Sic utcre tuis ut non aliena laedas. Or, as paraphrased in English, by a friend,--

So use your own, and so your own enjoy,
And not what is another's to annoy.
So use your own, as never to transgress
Another's right, or mar his happiness.
Thus you would have all others do to you;
Then yield to each what in his righteous due.

What moral right has any man to pursue his individual interests in a manner not only regardless of, but absolutely ruinous to the well being of the whole human race? Spirit venders! are you not displaying a devastating and damning fiend in every alluring form that ingenuity can suggest, to entice your brother man to its embrace and an inglorious death? Liquor merchants? you are amassing wealth from the ruin and desolution of all around you. Dealers in this detested trade! you now have an opportunity of doing incalculable good. You have been doing immense mischief! We call on you in the name of humanity, and for the sake of all that is good and lovely on earth, to desist from this unhallowed work; and when you cry out, "liberty and law," as though it were a privilege to slay mankind, do you not hear some whisperings of a monitor within? Or has your unnatural calling so deluded the head, offended and petrified the heart, that your only feeling is to get the almighty dollar? Oh! renounce, at once, and forever, your death-dealing vocation, and seek a useful and honorable business. This you will soon have to do! Public sentiment is the moral monarch of this free country, and not much longer will the nuisances be endured in it. Wait not, we entreat you, till you do that by inglorious necessity, which others have anticipated by wiser determination of their own. The sin, the infamy, the wretchedness of this nefarious traffic, will soon re-act on those who madly persist, against all the signs of the times, to its gainful prosecution.

IN CONCLUSION--THE REMEDY

People do not commence this vile practice of drinking intoxicating poisons because they love them. The error lies primarily, in popular sentiment. Children, young or old, are imitative creatures. A vitiated public opinion has been the grand moving spring of this drinking way the world has got. "There is so much human nature in mankind," that we are strongly prone to do that which our judgment condemns, provided the world will approve of it, rather than do that which our own consciences approbate, if we suspect the world will condemn it. The cure,

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ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS: THEIR ESSENTIAL NATURE AND NECESSARY EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN CONSTITUTION

ALCOHOL. is a peculiar combination of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. It is a compound unknown to Nature, but evolved by art from certain vegetable substances in a peculiar stage of dissolution. The first step toward producing Alcohol is the death of the Grain or Fruit destined to yield it. When the life of any organic substance is destroyed, that substance tends by a law of the universe to decay and dissolution. More accurately, with the cessation of organic life the laws of vitality, by which the peculiar assimilation of elements forming the Grape, the Apple, the berry of Wheat or Rye, was created and sustained, now lose their power over this matter, and the opposite laws of chemical affinity take effect upon it, causing its several constituents to enter into new combinations with each other and with other substances wherewith they are brought in contact by the action of air, water, and otherwise. Thus the Sugar, which, in the form of Starch or Gluten, forms one of the bases of certain Grains and Fruits, is dissolved in an early stage of the process of decay, and, combining with other substances, ferments, or effervesces and enters upon the stage known as that of Vinous Fermentation. In this stage Alcohol is produced, a fiery volatile, nearly transparent liquid, which, imbibed by itself, is a most undoubted and deadly poison to mankind,

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But Alcohol does not manifest itself independently of other substances. The water which forms so large a portion of the Grape, the Apple, the Peach, the Potato, and which must be commingled with the Grains in order to produce the Vinous Fermentation, remains combined with the Alcohol after the fermentation has produced it. Some small portion also of the other constituents of the original organic substance are held in solution or chemical combination by their affinities with the Water or Alcohol, or both united. Indeed, it was not till the ninth century that Alcohol was separated and recognized as a distinct substance by an Arabian chemist. Fermentation has been very generally practised, more or less rudely, front a very early age, and Alcoholic beverages of course produced; and Intoxication just as naturally followed; how or why seems to have been scarcely considered. But the Arabian's discovery induced or blended with the art of Distillation. Thenceforward, Alcoholic Spirits, more or less pure, began to find a place in the bottles of the apothecary, and, in minute quantities, among the physician's prescriptions. It was not till the sixteenth century, however, that Distilled Liquors began to be commonly used as a beverage or stimulant by persons in health.

Distillation is a more potent process, superinduced on Fermentation, rendering its liquid product more fiery, acrid and stimulating. In other words, it is the art of reducing the proportion of Water, &c. and increasing that of Alcohol in a given quantity of the stimulating fluid. Of the earlier stimulants, Ale and Porter contain but one-twenty fifth of Alcohol, and Palm Wine one-twentieth; Cider, Perry, Elder and some of the milder Grape Wines about one-tenth. [It can hardly be necessary here to remark that none of these contain Alcohol nor any principle of Intoxication until they have fermented or 'worked,' as the cider-makers say, and that many if not most of the ancient Wines were drank unfermented. That these were known to the Hebrews by a different word from that used to designate Alcoholic or fermented Wines has been fully shown by recent critical investigations, and the seeming contradiction between those passages of Scripture which mention approvingly and those which severelly condemn Wine, is thus shown to be no contradiction at all. In the one case, a mild, harmless, palatable beverage, 'which cheereth God and man;' in the other a raging 'mocker,' a heating, corrupting, infuriating poison, was indicated. Those who have any doubt on this subject may dissipate it by consulting 'Bacchus,' 'Anti-Bacchus,' E. C. Delavan's essays, and other elaborate treatises in exposition and defence of Total Abstinence.]

The difference between Fermented and Distilled Liquors is one purely of degree. Alcohol, the intoxicating and poisonous quality, is precisely the same in the two, but there is more of it in an equal quantity of the Distilled spirit. While the different kinds of Beer contain from one-twenty-fifth up to one-fourteenth of Alcohol, and the Fermented Grape Wines from one-tenth to one-fourth, the Distilled Liquors known as Brandy, Rum, Gin, &c., are generally a little more than half Alcohol. Sometimes they are reduced for below this standard, by the introduction of Water to increase the seller's profits; but this is very unlikely to diminish their poisonous properties, because the diminution of 'strength' improperly

[p. 93]

They greatly mistake who in this country hope to live longer by drinking Wines or Malt liquors than they would expect to if addicted instead to Distilled Spirits. True, there is less Alcohol in the same quantity of the Fermented beverages, but the same quantity will not content them. Deceive themselves as they may, it is the Alcoholic stimulus that their depraved appetites exact, and, if indulged at all, they will be indulged to the constantly receding point of satisfaction. The single glass of Wine or Beer per day which sufficed at the beginning, will soon be enlarged or repeated. It was enough to start the blood into a gallop yesterday, but falls short to-day, and will not begin to do to-morrow. And, even were the fact otherwise, the Wines and Malt Liquors drank in this country are nearly all so adulterated that drinking them would be fool-hardy, even if those liquids, when pure, were naturally wholesome instead of being the poisons they are known to be. White Lead, Red Lead, (Litharge,) Copperas, Sugar of Lead, Rhatany, Logwood, Alum, Elder-Berries, Opium, Henbane, Quassis, Aloes, Tobacco, Nux Vomica, Oil of Vitriol, Cocculus, Indicus, Grains of Paradise, and even Arsenic, besides many comparatively harmless ingredients, are all in current use among the preparers of Wines, Malt and distilled Liquors for consumption. Few of the Wines drank out of the Wine-producing districts are even comparatively pure, white nine-tenths of the liquids imbibed by the drinkers of this country never smelt of a grape. Even in the Wine-producing districts of France and Germany, there have been formidable and fatal epidemics, raging through a lifetime, caused solely by the adulteration of wines with lead. So with Cider in England and Rum in Jamaica, in the very regions where these beverages were respectively produced. 'Lead Colic' is a well known disease, whereof drinking drugged liquors is the source. The facts here stated do not rest upon anti-Alcoholic authority. In the standard Vintner's Guides, Brewers' Manuals, &c. you will find directions for correcting accidity, producing paleness, clearness, briskness, body, color, head, &c. by the use of the notoriously poisonous substances above enumerated. Sometimes the reader is warned against liquors so drugged, or the practice of using such deadly poisons is condemned and less objectionable substitutes are suggested; but the manufacturers take the hint. British Custom-house returns show indisputably that the use of Nux Vomica, Cocculue, Indicus, &c. has rapidly increased of late in England, as it doubtless has also in this and other civilized countries. Nine-tenths of these poisons are consumed in the form of drugged liquors, and that alone. The British Channel Islands are not subject to the British Tariff of Duties, and are consequently places of deposit for wines destined for British consumption, which the dealers choose to have within easy reach, while they defer the payment of duties as long as practicable. The official returns show

[p. 94]

The first production of Alcoholic Liquids was doubtless accidental--caused by the spontaneous fermentation of Grape-juice, Milk, or Grain, under peculiar circumstances, finally evolving a fiery, transparent fluid. (When we term Alcohol an unnatural product, we simply place it in the same category with carrion, malformations, idiots, &c. which are not produced in the regular and healthy course of Nature, but evidence her defeat and disappointment.) Ten thousand times this phenomenon may have occurred unnoted, before some stern necessity of thirst, faintness, and destitution induced some one to imbibe cautiously of the product, in spite of the reluctance and revolt of the senses. The effect was immediate and palpable--elasticity, energy, courage, invigoration,--the first pair and the apple over again. The depression, prostration, and pain came afterward, and could be forgotten or referred to some other cause. If the first bold experimenter in Alcohol did not choose to repeat the dose, the second, the fifth, or the tenth was doubtless less wise. It crept gradually into use--first as a medicine or wonderful elixir, capable of curing almost any disease; and very soon repaid the confidence reposed in it by creating many new disorders and aggravating those previously known. While it may have been medically employed in some cases with effect, it has unquestionably created a thousand pains where it ever removed one, and caused more deaths than all the medicines on earth have postponed or prevented.

[p. 95]

Throw a fierce bloodhound into the cage of a young leopard or tiger, and, although neither ever before saw an animal of the other's species, each instantly, instinctively recognizes the presence of a deadly foe. Each summons every energy for the imminent and deadly encounter, places himself in his best attitude, rallies all his strength; quickens his circulation--'bristles up' as we say; he is more strongly nerved, resolute, formidable now than he was a minute since, precisely because he feels himself confronted by an implacable enemy, before whom to quail is immediate death.

So with the use of Alcohol. A man swallows a glass of Alcoholic Spirits--his first. At once his whole vital economy recognizes the presence of an unnatural intruder--a deadly enemy. The stomach, disturbed in all its functions, says, 'You must not stop here--I cannot digest you'--and throws it off upon the liver, which repels it as peremptorily, and thrusts it toward the heart, which with like emphasis repels it. It is thus hurried from one to another of the vital organs, and repulsed by them all; but the necessity of disposing of it is pressingly imperative, and it is expelled in one way or another--partly through the kidneys, partly through the lungs, and partly through the pores of the skin. Unless the outrage be repeated, a short time sees the enemy banished, but only through an extraordinary exertion, an unnatural activity of all the vital forces. The pulse bounds, the blood gallops, the heart quickens its movements, and even the endangered brain is goaded to unwonted exertion. Of all these exhausting efforts, the mind perceives only the impulse, the exhilaration. The happy neophyte almost walks on air--he feels richer, more generous, and of more consequence than hitherto-- he has a great mind to give somebody a fortune. (The illusive exhalation produced by opium and some other poisons is known to be even more intellectual and etherial than that produced by Alcoholic Liquors.) But all this elevation of spirits is not really created, by the stimulus--it is simply so much vivacity and elation of spirits borrowed at ruinous usury, and of which payment is sure to be demanded to-morrow. To-morrow comes, and the demand with it; but the debauched consciousness fails to attribute the intolerable exhaustion and depression to its real cause. 'When the liquor was present, and potent,' it perversely reasons, 'all was better than usual; but, now that it is gone, I feel horribly.' 'Take more,' chimes in the depraved appetite, and the counsel is deferred to. More is taken, and momentary relief thereby secured, by means which shall necessitate a still more abject prostration on the morrow, which will require a still stronger potion to overcome it. And thus the blind victim goes on, cherishing the adder which daily stings him, and fancying he is revived and upheld by that which is constantly depressing and destroying him.

But it is said that very many drink moderately and guardedly through a long course of years, preserving to old age a sound constitution and vigorous intellect, which could not be the case if the natural effects of Alcoholic Drinks were such as has been depicted.

Now that some men live long in spite of moderate drinking no more proves that practice safe and healthful than the fact that some soldiers who fought through all Napoleon's wars are still alive proves fighting a vocation conducive to longevity. That some persist in drinking, without drinking immoderately, is true; but the natural tendency of drinking at all is, nevertheless, from less to more,

[p. 96]

If what has been said of the nature and essential properties of Alcoholic Liquors be correct, there can be no such thing as a temperate or moderate use of them as beverages. No man in the enjoyment of health and vigor can need such beverages, nor innocently imbibe them, whether in large or small quantities. The whole controversy properly hinges on this question--"Is Alcohol naturally a poison to the human constitution!" If the proper answer be Yes, then it can never be innocently and safely inbibed, except where it is medically prescribed as an antidote to some still more dangerous and deadly evil which it is calculated to dislodge. If Alcohol be naturally a poison to man, then there can be no more temperate and innocent use of it as a beverage than temperate forgery, adultery, or murder. Is Alcohol, then, essentially a poison! I have already expressed my own conviction, which is that of the advocates of Total Abstinence generally, I will proceed to quote a very few Medical authorities in support of that conviction. I can not quote one in a hundred, but I affirm that no candid, intelligent adversary will deny that the great mass of the scientific and able writers who have investigated and treated of the subject concur substantially in the views here presented.

Sir Astly Cooper who has no superior as a British Medical authority, observes:

"I never suffer Ardent Spirits in my house, thinking them evil spirits; and if the poor could witness the white livers, the dropsies, the shattered nervous which I have seen, as the consequences of drinking, they would be aware that spirits and poisons are synonymous terms."

Dr. Wm. Beaumont, Surgeon in the U. S. Army, was stationed at Mackinac, Lake Huron, in 1822, when Alexis St. Martin, a robust French Canadian, eighteen years of age, was severely wounded in his side by the accidental discharge of a musket within a yard of him, whereby part of a rib and a large portion of his side were blown off, lacerating one of his lungs and perforating his stomach. His life was nevertheless saved, and the wound was healed but not closed; the

[p. 97]

"The mucous membrane of the stomach was covered with inflammatory and ulcerous patches; the secretions were vitiated, and the gastric juice diminished in quantity, and of an unnatural viscidity; yet he described himself as perfectly well and complained of nothing. Two days subsequent to this, the inner membrane of the stomach was unusually morbid, the inflammatory appearance more extensive, the sports more livid than usual; from the surface some of them exuded small drops of grumous blood; the ulcerous patches were larger and more numerous; the mucous covering thicker than usual, and the gastric secretions much more vitinted. The gastric fluids extracted were mixed with a large proportion of thick, ropy mucus, and a considerable muco-purnlent discharge, alightly tinged with blood, resembling discharges from the bowels in some cases of dysentery. Yet, notwithstanding this diseased appearance of the stomach, no very essential aberration of its functions was manifested. St. Martin complained of no symptoms indicating any general derangement of the system, except an uneasy sensation and tenderness at the pit of the stomach, and some vertigo, with dimness and yellowness of vision, on stooping down and rising up again."

Dr. Beaumont farther remarks that

"The free use of Ardent Spirits, Wine, Seer, or any other intoxicating liquors, when continued for some days, has invariably produced these changes..... The use of Ardent Spirits always produces disease of the stomach if persevered in," &c. &c.

Is there on the face of the earth any tangible evidence in conflict with this testimony! I know of none.

Dr. Muzzy, an eminent American physiologist, says:

"That alcohol is a poison to our organization is evident from observation..... What is poison? It is that substance, in whatever form it may be, which, when applied to a living surface, disconcerts life's healthy movements. * * * * Such a poison is Alcohol; such in all its forms, mix it as you may. It is never digested and convened into nourishment."

Dr. Doda, an eminent English physician, being called before a Committee of the House of Commons, testified as follows:

"Writes on Medical Jurisprudence rank Alcohol among narcotic-acrid poisons," of which "small quantities, if repeated, always prove more or less injurious," and that "the morbid appearances even after death occasioned by Ardent Spirits exactly agree with those which result from poisoning caused by any other substance of the same class."

Dr. Dods, is the course of his testimony, farther says:

"The effects of Alcohol on the blood-vessels seems to be two-fold--increased excitement and

[p. 98]

It would be as easy to multiply quotations of a similar purport--far easier than to refrain. But to keep within the necessary limit of a tract I am compelled to stop here. Let the candid and reasonable drinker say whether he can safely and innocently imbibe Alcoholic beverages in any quantity.

"How is it," asks a doubter, "if Alcohol be so poisonous, that the best doctors often use it in their medical prescriptions!"--The question implies ignorance in the querist that other poisons, and indeed most poisons, are likewise used as medicines, including the most deadly. Mercury, Opium, Nightshade, Hemlock, Arsenic, and even Prussic Acid, are in daily use by the ablest physicians for the cure of human maladies, and, though often abused and misapplied, there can be no doubt that each and all of them may be and are prescribed by the experienced and skillful to remove pain and preserve life. But who thence argues that these articles may be harmlessly and beneficially swallowed by men to health as their own fancy or depraved appetite may prompt! The laws of Health and those of Disease are so different that the foot of a particular substance being useful in certain stages or forms of disease, would rather argue its unfitness to be profusely swallowed in health merely for the sake of a sensual gratification. But I do not press that argument. Suffice it that the fact of Alcohol being sometimes useful as a medicine does not and can not prove that it is innocent as a beverage.

I have aimed to demonstrate the physical evils of Temperate Drinking (as it is improperly called, since no drinking of liquids essentially poisonous, for the sake of a sensual gratification, can be truly Temperate) by other considerations than those connected with Drunkenness. It is very true that he who drinks, however moderately, is in danger of dying a drunkard; bat if there were no such thing as drunkenness it would still be most unwise and culpable to drink. Indeed, it has been forcibly argued that the physical evils of drinking would be greater if Drunkenness were unknown. Inebriety dethrones the reason, often making of a naturally inoffensive, good-natured man, a furious, raging fiend; but it does not originate the mischief--it rather serves to expel and finish it. It is the demoniac spirit tearing his victim because commanded to come out of him. Thousands die prematurely every year in consequence of drinking who never were thoroughly drunk in their lives. One man drinks three glasses and loses his reason; another drinks six, or even ten, and seems wholly unaffected. Men say of the latter, "He has a strong head;" and cigar-puffing, wine-bibbing youngsters are apt to envy him; yet he is far more likely to die in consequence of drinking than his neighbor whom three glasses knock over. The former retains the poison in his system, and it silently preys upon him: in the latter, Nature, revolted at the deadly potion, makes a convulsive effort and throws it off. He is damaged by the liquor, but not by its ejectment, whatever he may fancy. Intoxication is a kindly though ungentle ministration whose object is relief and recovery. Drinking is not evil because it produces Intoxication, but Intoxication is ordained to limit the physical evils of Drinking. Let no free drinker, therefore, glory in his

[p. 99]

If the propositions affirmed in this essay be true, how can any youth read them and yet become or continue a drinker of Alcoholic Liquors! Banish, if you can, all thought of God and His judgments--forget or deny your immortality--deride the idea of restricting or qualifying your own gratification for the sake of kindred, friends, country, or race--regard yourself merely as an animal that has happened here to sport a brief summer, then utterly perish--and still is it not a palpable mistake to drink anything that intoxicates! Why should it intoxicate if it be not essentially a poison! Is there any other substance claimed to be innocent and wholesome in moderate quantities which drowns the reason if the amount taken be increased! Why seek enjoyment in such a perilous and dubious way--a path paved with the bones of millions after millions who have fallen in pursuing it-- when innocent and healthful pleasures eveywhere surround and invite you! Lived there ever a human being who regretted at death that he had through life refrained from the use of stimulating drinks! And how countless the millions who have with reason deplored such use, as the primary, fatal mistake of their lives! Surely, from the radiant heavens above us, from the dust once quickened beneath us, comes to the attentive ear a voice which impressively admonishes, BY WISE WHILE IT IS CALLED TO-DAY.

It is regretted that the name of the author, the Hon. HORACE GREELEY, through mistake, has been omitted at the head of this article, in part of this edition.

[NOTE-The writer does not pretend to know anything on the subject of Temperance which others have not known und well said before him. He acknowledges his obligations for ideas herein presented to Sylvester Graham, Rev. B. Parsons, and several others, beside those he has expressly quoted in the foregoing pages.]

LIST OF DELEGATES BY STATE

[p. 101]

Temperance Provident Institution, London,

Manchester Temperance Advocate Society,

Colchester Temperance Society,

H. S. Clubb of Manchester.

Whitehaven T. A. Society,

Preston Temperance Society,

Liverpool Daughters of Rechab,

Wakefield Temperance Society,

Lancashire Temperance Society,

Mary Jackson.

CANADA.

Canada West G. D. Sons of Temperance,

Canada Prohibitory Liquor Law League,

Rev. T. Goldsmith, of Toronto, C. W.

Samuel Walton do

Brantford Total Abstinence Society,

W. T. Cameron, Pres., C. W.

MAINE.

Island Division No. 164 S. of T., (Mt. Desert,)

D. P. Marcyes,

Thos. Mayo.

VERMONT.

Marble Valley Div. S. of T. No. 64, West Rutland,

Chas. Wollaston.

Green Mountain Temple of Honor No. 1.

C. Wollaston.

Shelberne T. A. Society,

Rev. A. C. Hand.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Concord Young Men's Total Abstinence Society

Nathan B. Stow.

Southborough Temperance Society,

Rev. Daniel S. Whitney.

Mount Hope Div. No. 26 S. of T. Attleboro, Mass.

Rev. S. B. Morly

Rev. C. Cravens

Rev. W. H. Alden

Rev. J. Crane

Rev. J. S. Dennis

H. M. Richards

L. W. Daggett

H. N. Daggett

Geo. Price

Chas. E. Hayward

R. S. Gilbert.

Middlesex County Temperance Society (Concord,)

Col. William Whiting

RHODE ISLAND.

State Temperance Convention.

Edward Harris

Rev. John Boyden, Jr.

Asa Fairbanks

Susan R. Harris

Daniel W. Vaughan

Anna W. Spencer

Samuel W. Wheeler

Sarah Gould

D. B. Harris

Wm. Chace

Arnold Buffum

Julia Ann Stowe

Robert Shove

Rufus Bliss

Ammon Parmenter

Mary Ann Stanton.

CONNECTICUT.

Jefferson Temple of Honor No. 3 (Bridgeport.)

Jay Peek

Walter Gilbert

P. T. Barnum.

Fairfield County Temperance Society.

P. T. Barnum

A. Rodgers

Oliver Stone

D. O. Gray

Rev. A. Gregory

Wm. Crofut

Rev. J. Chamberlin

Rev. W. McAlister

Rev. Wm. Curtis

A. Hill

Jay Peck

R. Fuller

S. Baldwin

Jesse Banks

H. Smith

J. Lobdel

Dr. Denison

Gould Jennings

F. A. Mead

A. H. Byington

H. O. Judd

Walter Gilbert

J. S. Peck

R. S. Benedict

E. S. Winton

A. Gray

Rev. Mr. Hepburne

T. S. Clark

W. H. Holly

NEW YORK CITY.

N. Y. City Temperance Alliance

Richard Reed

Alexander Lang

B. E. Buckman

J. T. Brooks

Isaac Abrahams

Wm. S. King, Jr

S. P. Townsend

Taulman Allaire

C. B. Wheeler

L. S. Beck

J. W. Kellogg

Isaac B. Skaats

George Hall

H. S. Blackett

George W. Rose

Wm. B. Smith

John Hooper

[p. 102]

C. C. Leigh

C. C. North

T. M. Woodruff

E. E. Lapham

J. Macketchnie

World's Total Abstinence Society.

Jerh. Thornal

-----Lay

Richard Austin

Washington Lodge No. 2 A. O. Daughters of Samaria.

Eliza Romer

Eliza Williams

Mary J. Detmars

N. Y. Tent No. 21. O. of R.

J. Thornal

Ninth Ward Temperance Alliance.

J. McKetchnie

Howard Temperance Benevotent Society.

Jereh. Thornal

John K. Nagle

Young Men's Temp. Watch Club.

Epes E. Ellery

Eliza Romer

William H. Reid

Mary Reid

Grand Temple of Honor State New York.

Timothy Parsons

Sunday Temperance Association.

James J. Brooks

Caledonina Div. No. 31 S. of T.

George Grubb

A. M. D. McElderry

B. Sugden

R. Barclay

Washington Social Union No. 6.

Mary J. Oppenham

John H. Woodworth

Mrs. Ann Northup

Social Degree Mosaic T. of II. No. 1.

Mrs. Emily S. Trall

Miss Josephine Lawall

Mrs. Hatch

Mrs. C. S. Black

J. L. Hosford

Jacob Lawall

Mrs. L. Daregan

Mrs. J. Dikeman

Miss H. E. H. Dikeman

Mrs. Peck

Miss Mary A. Martin

J. M. Pinkney

W. H. Shults

R. Donegan

Miss M. Reickle

Mrs. Lacy G. Williams

Mrs. Patton

Mrs. Louisa Mitchell

E. E. Lapham

E. P. Orrell

Fifth Ward Alliance.

John H. Merrick

T. Hyatt

S. S. Parker

D. Wyall

Olive Branch Social Union No. 9.

John Law

Thomas Bollas

Phoebe A. Hunt

Caledonian T. B. Society.

John McKinnon

John Brown

Alexander Gordon

Geo. Grubb

Broadway Division No. 6 S. of T.

Reuben C. Bull

Cornelius M. Cregier

Jothan S. Fountain

Charles Brown

James Hillyer

Leander Thompson

Thomas S. Shepard

Dr. Stephen R. Kirby

Lebbeus Chapman, Sr

Andrew J. Kasmire

George F. Colburn

Frederick Clinch

Charles Lawrence

Lebbeus Chapman, Jr

Canal Street T. B. Society.

John Qua

Henry Willis

Morris DcCamp

Robert Carr

Grand Section Cadets of Temp

Rev. E. H. Chapin

T. S. Shepherd

H. J. Phalen

C. Parmalee

Rev, H. W. Beecher

A. J. Kasmire

Philip Rice

J. B. Gough

Dr. J. Kennedy

Daniel Cady

John Parent

H. Atkins

D. W. Woodward

Broadway Section No. 6 Cadets of Temperance.

C. S. Kennedy

W. D. Johnson, Jr

J. Cregier

C. Sheppard

J. D. Slayback

D. Dawson

J. Sandover

W. Kipp

E. Betts

J. M. Sherwood

R. Wilson

G. Brown

F. Chapine

W. H. H. Sherwood

NEW YORK STATE.

Little Gennesse Temperance Meeting.

Rev. James Bailey

Mahockamack Division S. of T. No. 395., Port Jervis, N. Y.

Charles M. Lawrence

John Williams

Thos. D. Stanton

Women's New York State Temperance Society.

Mrs. Mary C. Vaughun

Mrs. H. Attilia Albro

Mrs. P. H. Alling

Utica Ladies' Temperance Society.

Rev. B. J. Ives

Mrs. Ives

Baker's Bridge Temperance Society.

Rev. N. V. Hall

Thomas Williams

Sunbeam Lodge No. 106 I. O. G. T., Binghamton, N. Y.

Tracy R. Morgan, P. W. C. T.

Dryden Lodge No 20 I. O. of G. T.

Diana Briggs

Montour Social Degree No. 36.

J. Dumars

R. R. R. Dumars

Conewahwah Temple of Honor No. 35.

R. R. R. Dumars

J. Dumars

Allegany County Temperance Society, Friendship, N. Y.

Col. Samuel King

[p. 103]

Martin Scott

Col. William H. King

Mrs. Scott

Mrs. King

Cortland County Temperance Society, Homer, N. Y.

Mrs. E. Louisa Knight

Alexander Bates

Philander Knight

Unity Lodge L. O. of O. T., Horschcad's, N. Y.

Heman N. Comstock

Martha W. Christie

Lydia Sayre

Grand Lodge I. O. of G. T., Ithica, N. Y.

Rev. J. M. Pables

Mrs. H. Shute

Miss C. D. Filkins

South Butler Temperance Association.

Geo. Candee

Antoinette L. Brown

Charles Hadden

Elmira Camphell

Geo. T. Campbell

Suffulk County Division No. 28 S. of T., Babylon, N. Y.

Hugh B. Brown

James E. Dodd

Temperance Empire Chenaugo Encampment

John D. Sawyer

Washington Heights Temperance Society.

John Lowry

State Temperance Alliance.

L. P. Noble

H. D. Chapman

C. O. Shepherd

Dr. R. T. Trall

J. A. Van Dyke

O. B. Pierce

S. C. Cuyler

S. P. Townsend

J. T. Seely

J. O. Bennett

Geo. Hall

Hon. S. S. Beman

J. J. Whitman

B. Joy

John Conklin

John Miller

E. G. Bartlett

D. B. Lent

Dr. B. J. Clark

R. Schermerhorn

W. C. Bloss

A. Crocker

J. W. Sawyer

A. Lester

Gus Allen

W. Avery

R. F. Fenton

Springport (Cayuga Co.) Temperance Society.

Luman W. Capen

Brooklyn Young Men's Christian Temperance Association.

Andrew Fitagerald

J. J. Perry

John B. Wilson

Wm. H. Glover

James P. Root

H. Ropes

Brooklyn Neal Dow Club No. 1

Samuel D. Backus

John Booth

Buffalo Ladies' Tem.Union.

D. W. Williams

Queen City Union D. of T No. 45.

Mary M. Bull

Buffalo City Temple of Honor No. 42.

T. Parsons

NEW JERSEY.

Eatontown Temperance Society (Ocean Township.)

Chas. A. Voley

Samuel T. Moore

H. W. Wolcott

Sussex Division No. 42 S. of T.

H. Warner

W. M. Phife

H. M. Rhodes

A. O. Leary

R. O. Leary

Andover Div. S. of T. No 62.

Hiram M. Rhodes

OHIO.

Ark of Temp. No. 1, Berlin.

John M. Hopkins

ILLINOIS.

Henderson Div. No. 344 S. of T.

Alfred Knowles

Elgin Washingtonian Temperance Society.

Wm. G. Hubbard

R. W. Padelford

WISCONSIN.

State Temperance League.

Wm. A. Davis

Michael Frank

James Densmore

S. M. Booth

C. C. Sholes

MICHIGAN.

Hillsdale Div. S. of T. No. 19.

Byron Hammond

Washtenaw Co. Temperance Association, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Richard Glazier.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Chester co. Temp. Society.

Sarah Pusey

Anne Pusey

Wm. Whitehead

Susanna P. Chambers

Wilmer Worthmgton, M. D.

Anne Preston

George Flemming

Joanna Pennock

Phebe Wickersham

Euschius Barnard

Wm. F. Wyers

Caleb S. Jackson

Philena Heald

Vincent Bernard

Isaac Price

Amanda Gause

John Richards

Lukens Peirce

Joseph T. Lambora

John Barnard

Ruth Dugdale

Wm. Barnard

Sallie Chandler

Isaac A. Pennypacker

Sidney Pierce

Edwin Chambers

George P. Hayes

Simon Barnard

John George

Robert Lysle

Newton H. Wickersham

Nathan Stetson

Sarah Marsh

Elijah F. Pennypacker

Lydia E. Cox

Edward Hamor

Susan F. Pierce

Phebe Anne Lambora

Martha L. Burnard

Joseph A. Dugdale

Sumner Stebbins

John Jones

William Cox

Robert Lamborn

Mary H. Entrikin

Frederick Andress

Martha Barnard

Lavinia Yetman

Wm. E. Moore

Hannah Darlington

[p. 104]

Alice Jackson

Jesse Evans

Nathan Walton

Henry Kimber

Margaretta B. Walton

Ezra Gray

Lizzie Coates

Jane Hoopes

Susquehannah Co. Meeting.

A. L. Post

C. F. Read

Silas Perkins

Mrs. Post

Mrs. Read

Wm. H. Jessup

J. Lyons

F. B. Chaudler

J. L. Lyons

Mrs. Lyons

Mrs. Chandler

Sophia M. Lyons

Kennett Quarterly Meeting of Progressive Friends.

O. Johnson

Mary A. Johnson

Dr. J. Stebbins

Edward Webb

Hannah Pennock

A. Mendenhall

Esther Hayes

B. Taylor

Susanna Taylor

T. Worrall

Mary Ann Stebbins

Joseph Hambleton

Ruth Dugdale

Ann Preston

Sallie W. Chandler

George P. Hayes

E. Mendenhall

Rebecca Fussell

J. Dugsdale

Lydia E. Cox

Susan Wilson

C. M. Burleigh

E. Barnard

Ladies' Lawrence Co. Temperance Association.

Dr. J. Pollock

Temperance Star Lodge No. 71.

Rev. Joel Jewell

Miss F. M. Smith

LIST OF DELEGATES

Adams, Daniel T., Portland, Me.

Abrahams, Isaac, 32 Goerck, st., N. Y.

Adams, Mrs. S. A., Brooklyn

Aitken, Henry N., H. Y.

Allen, S. D., Croton, N. Y.

Allaire, Taulman, 93 W. 29th st.., N. Y.

Allen, Otis, Albany, N. Y.

Allen, Mary P. H., 112 Christie st., N. Y.

Allison, G. S., North Haverstraw, Rockland co, New York

Allen N., N. Y. city

Albro, H., Attilia Rochester, N. Y.

Alling, Mrs. D. C., Rochester, Monroe co., N. Y.

Alliger, E., Ulster co., N. Y.

Andrews, E. A., Ohio.

Angliss, Ann, New York City.

Anthony, Susan B., Rochester, N. Y.

Andrias, Frederick, Chester co., Pa.

Anthony, Mary S., do.

Anthon, William, New York City.

Angel, Sarah, Truxton, Cortland co., N. Y.

Arnold, Miss N. L., Tiffin City, Ohio.

Armstrong, Lebbens, Jonesville, Saratoga co., N. Y.

Atkins, Hiram, Lansengburg, N. Y.

Atkins, Joseph, West Point, Indiana.

Austin, Richard, 6 Orchard st., N. Y.

Avery, William, Norwich, Chenango co., N. Y.

Ayres, Miss J., Newcastle, Pa.

Aitken, Henry V., N. Y. City.

Barn, Geo. M., Galway, Saratogo co., N. Y.

Barnard, Simon, Chester co., Pa.

Barnard, Martha do.

Bates, John, Parsippany, N. J.

Barnard, John, Chester co., Pa.

Barnard, William, do.

Barlow, J. H., 49 Bedford st., N. Y.

Barnard, Martha L., Cheater co., Pa.

Barlow, S. E., New York City.

Barnard, Eusetius, Chester co., Pa.

Barrow, E. P., 5 Nassau st., N. Y.

Bartlett, Edward, G. M. D., 83 11th st., N. Y.

Bates, Alexander, Homer, Cortlandt co., N. Y.

Barnard, Vincent, Chester co., Pa.

Bates, Mrs. Lavinia.

Baldwin, Baldwin, Lockport, N. Y.

Barclay, R., 77 Henry st., N. Y.

Barnes, Abner D.

Bailey, Rev. James, Little Genesse, N. Y.

Ball, Mrs., 467 4th Avenue, N. Y.

Barry, S. R., No. 363 E. Tenth st., N. Y.

Barnes, Rev. W. P., Ithaca.

Baker, George E., Williamsburg, L. I., N. Y

Bateson, Miss Rose, Syracnse, N. Y.

Beecher, Rev. H. W., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Baldwin, M. F., 19 Laight st., N. Y.

Bennett, James O., 110 Broad st., N. Y.

Beans, Elizabeth Darlington, Buck co., Pennsylvania.

Beck, Lambert S., 6th Avenune, N. Y.

Beckwith, S. P., 149 Cedar st., N. Y.

Betts, E., New York.

[p. 105]

Bennett, George, Wisconsin.

Bedell, Mrs., Ashtnbula co., Ohio.

Beal, Mary L., New York City.

Beman, Hon. S. S., Hampton, Washington co.

Birdsall, Thomas O., 68 Chatham st., N. Y.

Bedell, L., Ashtabula co., Ohio.

Bilbrough, Sarah, Williamsburg, L. L., N. Y.

Bissell, L., Ashtabula co., Ohio.

Bissell, Mrs., do

Blacket, H. S., (...) 3d Avenue, N. Y.

Blanchard, Geo., Concord, N. H.

Black, Mrs. C. S., do

Blanchard, Fanny do

Booth, S. M., Milwaukie, Wis.

Bloomer, Amelia, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Bloss, Wm. C., Rochester, N. Y.

Bloomer, D. C., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Blakely, N., Birmingham Corner.

Burdick. Geo. H., Liverpool, Onondaga co., N. Y.

Boyla, Ed. O., 14th st., N. Y.

Bogert, Mrs., N. Y. City.

Bollas, Thos., New York City.

Bound, Martha L., Chester co., Pa.

Brundage, Joseph, 575 Grand st.

Bronson, S.

Brows, Rev. Antoinette L., Butler, N. Y.

Brett, J., 106 Vesey st., N. Y.

Brown, John, (...) Bridge st., N. Y.

Brooke, Samuel, Cleveland, Ohio.

Brown, G., New York.

Brooke, Sidney, Cleveland, Ohio.

Brown, G. C., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Brooks, James, (...) Grand st., N. Y.

Brown, Charles, New York City.

Brown, Caroline, Peekskill, N. Y.

Brown, Hugh B., Babylon, N. Y.

Burleigh, Lucien, N. Y. City.

Brundage, Joseph, New York City.

Burleigh, C. M., Philadelphia.

Burns, W. A., London, England.

Burns, John, 343 6th Avenue, N. Y.

Burroughs, Mr. A. Y., Preston. Mass.

Burleigh, C. C., Conn.

Burnt, John, 348 6th Avenue, N. Y.

Bull, Mary M., Buffalo, N. Y.

Burton, J., Bartonville, Montgomery co., N. Y.

Buckman, B. E., 94 Fulton st., N. Y.

Buckley, Mrs. M. L., (...) N. Moore st., N. Y.

Buttrick, E. H. Virginia.

Burroughs, A. S., Boston, Mass.

Bridgman, Andrew, 198 8th Avenue, N. Y.

Ball, Reuben C., New York City.

Cardigan, Miranda, Jersey City, N. J.

Caldwell, Eleanor J., Palatine Bridge, N. Y.

Canfield, Chas. T., Cambridge, Mass.

Campbell, Agnes, 24 Market st., N. Y.

Cameron, W. D., Brantford, Canada West.

Christie, Martha W. Hoseheads, N. Y.

Carr, Adam, Patterson, N. J.

Carr, Robert.

Capen, L. W., Union Springs, Cayuga co., N. Y.

Cady, Daniel, Lansingburg, N. Y.

Capron, E. W., Philadelphia.

Capon, Effingham S., Worcester, Mass.

Chapman, Lebbeus. Jr., 38 Wall st., N. Y.

Chapin, N., New York.

Chapman, Lebbeus, Sr.

Chapman, Henry D., Dean's Corner, Saratoga co., N. Y.

Chapman, Mrs. J. B., Whitely Ct. House, Ind.

Chambers, Susanna P., Chester co., Pa.

Channing, Wm. H., Rochester, N. Y.

Clark, B. J., M. D., Moreau, Saratoga co., N. Y.

Clinch, Frederick, 25 Centre Market, N. Y.

Chandler, Sallie W., Chester co., Pa

Clubb, Henry S., Manchester England.

Clark, Emily, Le Roy, N. Y.

Chambers, Edwin, Chester co., Pa.

Colman, Lucy, Jetscy City, N. J

Coates, Lizzie, Chester co., Pa.

Corson, Geo., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

Corson, M., do

Conklin, John, Port Jervis, N. Y.

Cox, Lydia E., Chester co., Pa.

Cornnell, W. G., Scipio, N. Y.

Cook, Michael, Now York.

Cox, Wm., Jr., Sugarton, Chester co., Pa.

Comstock, Heman, N., Elmira, N. Y.

Cone, M. M. Fall River, Mass.

Colman, Geo. F., Dey st., N. Y.

Coger, Abraham, Squantune, (...)

Corson, Martha M., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

Crocker,-----, Albany, N. Y.

Crawford, Andrew, Harlem, N. Y.

Creamer, W. G., New Haven, Conn.

Creigier, Cornelius M., 20 Centre Market, New York.

Cregier, J.

Curtis, Geo. N., New York City, Box (...)

Cummings, John P., New York City.

Cuyler, Samuel C., Pultneyville, Wayne co., N. Y.

Chandler, F. B., Montrose, Pa.

Chandler, Mrs., do.

Crawford, Mrs. A. L., Newcastle, Pa.

Conrad, Milton, West Grove, Pa.

Chapin, Rev. E. H., 126 Twelfth st., N. Y.

Davis, Wm. A., MilwaUkie, Wis.

Davis, Paulina W., Providence, R. I.

Dawson, D., 281 Centre st., N. Y.

Day, Jackson E., New York City.

Densmore, James, Oshkosh, Wis.

Delford, R. W. P., Elgin, Illinois.

Davis, E. M., Philadelphia, Pa.

[p. 106]

Delanueay, Prof. Jules, 9 Caroll Place, N. Y.

Delmars, Mary J., 254 Walker st., N. Y.

Dillenback, H. P., 166 W. 26th st., N. Y.

De Wolfe, C. H., Oldtown, Maine.

Dikeman, Miss H. E.

Dillenback, R. U., 166 West 26th st., N. Y.

Dillenback, Emily, do

Dikeman, Mrs. J.

Dodge, Samuel T., Farmers' Hotel, Washington st., N. Y.

Dodge, M. F., West Cambridge, Mass.

Doughty, F. G do do.

Doughty, J. W., (...) st., N. Y.

Doughty, Mrs., 21 Suffolk st., N. Y.

Doughty, J. H., 387 Grand st., N. Y.

Doushen, James, 31 Charles st.

Dugdale, Jos., Kennett Square, Chester co., Pa.

Dugdale, Ruth, do. do.

Darlington, Hannah M. do. do.

Donegan, R., New York City.

Donegan, Mrs. L., do.

De Camp, Morris, 146 Spring st., N. Y.

Eastburn, Rachel, Pa.

Eastburn, Sarah, Pa.

Eaton, W. W., St. Johns, New Brunswick

Eastabrooks, M. L., N. J.

Ebaugh, Rev. J. L., 100 E., 2nd st., N. Y.

Edge, Titus R., Newark, N. J.

Edgerton, S. C., Gulesburgh, Ill.

Eden, Ira, Webster Eric co., N. Y.

Elmwood, S. J., Peterboro, N. Y.

Entrikin, Chester co., Pa.

Evans, John, Willimantic, Ct.

Evans, Jessce, Chester co., Pa.

Ferguson, Robt. R., Ulster co., N. Y.

Ferguson, J. C., Pleasantville, N. Y.

Ferguson, Phebe A. Esopus, Ulster co., N. Y.

Ferguson, Dugald, 5 Sheriff st., N. Y.

Fenton, R. F., Jamestown, Chataque co., N. Y.

Fish, Mrs. Angelina Victor, Ontario co., N. Y.

Fish, Henry, 41 Charlton st., N. Y.

Filkins, C. D. Mrs., Rochester, N. Y.

Fleming, George, Chester co., Pa.

Floyd, Benjamin, Dolington, Bucks co., Pa.

Floyd, Wm., Newtown, Bucks co., Pa.

Fowler, Mrs. O. S., 131 Nassau st., N. Y.

Fowler, O. S., 131 Nassau st., N. Y.

Foster, Win. K., Canandaigns, N. Y.

Fowler, L. M., Canadaigna, N. Y.

Foster, Wm., Montrose, Pa.

Fowler, Lydia F., Montrose, Pa.

Foalke, H., 110 Goerck st., N. Y.

Ford, B. P., Morristown, N. J.

Ford, C. R., Bordentown, N. J.

Forbes, Ivan B., Worthington, Mass.

Fountain, J. S., 653 Broadway, N. Y.

Ford, Lewis, Abington, Mass.

French, Dennis, N. Y. City

Frank, Luther, Wilton, N. Y.

Frank Michael, Kenosha, Wis.

Fyfe, Wm. B., Ottawa, Ills.

Fussell, Rebecca, Pa.

Gould, Sarah, Fiskville, R. I.

Griswold, G. W., Carbondale, Pa.

Gregory, Chas. W., Sand Lake, N. Y.

Green, Martha W., N. Y. City

Grines, Dr. Stephen, Boonton, N. J.

Green, Hannah E., Greenwich, R. I.

Grubb, Geo., 78 Grand st., N. Y. city

Griffith, Ann, Saugerties, N. Y.

Graves, Geo. R., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Graham, Rev. D. M., 215 (...) st., N. Y.

Gray, Ezra, Cochranville, Chester co., Pa.

Grinnell, Rev. J. B., 643 4th st., N. Y.

Gwynn, J. P., Libertyville, Lake co., Ill.

Gildersleeve, Chas. E., N. Y. City.

Gough, J. B., Mass.

Graham, J. D., N. Y. City

Gibbons, Abby H., 18 Lamartine place, N. Y.

Gibbons, James S., 18 Lamartine place, N. Y.

Garrison, W. L., Boston, Mass.

Gardner, Wm. C.

Garcy, O. C., Saco, Maine

Gaunt, Eliza P., Mullica Hill, N. J.

Gayner, Mury, 241 Elizabeth st., N. Y.

Gause, Amanda, Chester co., Pa.

Gardner, Mary A., Jersey City, N. J.

Garrett, Thomas, Wilmington, Del.

Gates, N. S., Now Lebanon, N. Y.

Gerow, R. Aaron, Plattkill, Ulster co., N. Y.

Gerry, Ira, Stonebam. Mass.

Gerow, Wm. P.

Gidney, Sophia, Williamsburgh, N. Y.

Gedding, E. N., Providence, R. I.

Gerry, Paulina, Stoneham, Mass.

George, John, Chester co., Pa.

Gibson, Jos., Port Jervis, N. Y.

Gilbert, H. N., N. Y.

Glover, Rev. Hy. C., Northport, N. Y.

Gillett, L., Wellington, N. Y.

Goulding, Chas., Worcester, Mass.

Gordon, Alexander, N. Y. City

Gordon, M. A., N. Y. City

Gordon, Albius, N. Y. City

Gordon, Emily, N. Y. City

Gordon, Mrs., N. Y. City

Hallock, Dr. R. F., 324 Broome st., N. Y.

Hammond, Byron, Hillsdale, Mich

Hambleton, David M., 61 Sixth st., N. Y.

Hall, Geo. Rev., Peterboro, N. Y.

Hall, Mrs. J. W., Harleem, N. Y.

Hall. R. E., Louisville, Ky.

[p. 107]

Hall, Geo., 43 Elizabeth st., N. Y.

Hall, John, Bedford, N. Y.

Hand, Mrs. M. F., Shelburn, Vt.

Hallock, Elizabeth, 324 Broome st., N. Y

Hartman, Matilda S., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hagan, Mrs. J. C., 448 Greenwich st., N. Y.

Harris, Saint., Lewis Greene, co. N. Y.

Harris, E., K. Y. City

Harris, S. P., Providence, R. I.

Hambleton, Forestville, Pa.

Hazleton, John W., Mullica Hill, N. J.

Hatch, Mrs., N. Y.

Hay, W., Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

Humbleton, Ruth, Forestville, Pa.

Hayes, G. P., Embreeville, Chester co., Pa.

Hayes, Esther, Embreeville, Chester co., Pa.

Henderson, Annie B., Allegan, Mich.

Heritage, Benjamin, N. Y. City

Herckle, Miss M.

Higginson, J. M., 71 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City

Higginson, Thomas W., Worcester, Mass.

Hilborn, Rebecca W., Pa.

Hillyer, James, of Wall st., N. Y.

Hill, Nancy, Stoncham, Mass.

Hill, S. E., Cavendish, Vt.

Higgins, Mrs., N. Y. City

Hayes, Geo. P., Chester co., Pa.

Higgins, Clinton, Conn.

Howe, Isabella, Jersey City, N. J.

Howe, James, Jersey City, N. J.

Howe, Ruth, Jersey City, N. J.

Horn, H. A., New York City

Hopkins, J. M. B., Eric co., Ohio

Holmes, Mrs. S. T., Morrisville, N. J.

Holmes, Sarah D., Kingston, Mass.

Holly, Mrs., 211 Fifth st., N. Y.

Hosford, J. L., 13, Laight st., N. Y.

Hoyt, Wm. B.

Howland, R. G., East Greenwich, B. I.

Hopkins, Enos, Conn.

Howland, Deborah, East Greenwich, R. I.

Hooper, John, 100 Fulton st., N. Y.

Holbrook, Mrs. F. M., Elmira, N. Y.

Hunt, Dr. Harriet K., Boston, Mass.

Hunt, William, Little Compton, R. I.

Hughes, William, New York City

Hunt Phoebo A., N. Y. City

Hughes, Lewis E. New York City

Hubbard, Wm. G., Elgin, Illinois

Hubbard, Thos., Elgin, Illinois

Head, Rav. A. C., Shelburne, Vt.

Hull, A., Lowell, Mass.

Hussy, Saml. B., Fall River

Hutchins, Isaac P., Danielsonville, Ct.

Hutchins, Robt. G., Danielsonville, Ct.

Hudson, Dr. E. D., Springfield, Mass.

Hutchins, John, Warren, O.

Heald, Philander, Chester co., Pa.

Hamor, Edward, Chester co., Pa.

Hooper, Isaac, Chester co., Pa.

Hamilton, Benj., N. J.

Ives, B. J., Utica, N. Y.

Ives, Mrs., Utica, N. Y.

January, P. W., St., Louis, Mo.

Jackson, James, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jay, E. L., Clarkson, N. Y.

James, Rev. Frederic, 420 Broonie st., N. Y.

Jackson, James C., Scott., Cortland, N. Y.

Jackson, Caleb S., Chester co., Pa.

Jessup, Wm., H., Montrose, Pa.

Jenkins, Lydia Ann, Geneva, N. Y.

Jewett, Oliver P., Logan, N. Y.

Jewett, Rev. John, Edsalville, N. Y.

Jones, Antoinette, Modena, N. Y.

Jones, Cyrus D., 240 Water st., N. Y.

Jones, Henry, Sr., N. Y. City

Jones Eben, Jersey City, N. J.

Jones, John, N. Y. City

Jones, John, Valley Forge, Pa.

Johnson, M. A. W., 26 Collage Place, N. Y.

Johnson, T. G., Brooklyn

Johnson, H. D. Jr., 111 Orchard st. N. Y.

Johnson, Oliver, 141 Nassau st., N. Y.

Johnson, Rowland, 54 Beaver st., N. Y.

Joy, Benj., Trumansburgh, Tompkins co., N. Y.

Johnson, Orson, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Johnson, H. Wolcott, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Jackson, Alice, Chester co., Pa.

Jessup, Wm. H., Montrose, Pa.

Jacobs Matthius, 6, Market st. N. Y.

Jewell, Rev. Joes, Sylvania, Pa.

Kasmire, Andrew J., 65 Delancy st., N. Y.

Kerr, Rachel, 71 Thirty-seventh st., N. Y.

Kennedy, C. S.

Ketchum, John, Jericho, N. Y.

Kinne, A. S., Wisconsin.

King, Wm. S., Jr. 478 Eighth Avenue, N. Y.

Kellogg, J. W., 128 Canal st., N. Y.

Kipp, W. New York.

Knowles, Catharine, Ill.

Knox, R. A., Carmansville, New York City.

Knight, Victoria, Collage Place, N. Y.

Kimber, Henry, Kimberton, Chester co., Pa.

Kirby, Dr. Stephen R., 72 Tenth st., N. Y.

Kennedy, Dr. James, 186 Deane st., N. Y.

Lawyer, John D., Norwich, N. Y.

Lamborn, Robert, Chester co., Pa.

Lapham, C. E., 260 Washington st., N. Y.

Laing, Henry M., Philadelphia, Pa.

La Wall, Jacob, 66 N. Moore st., N. Y.

La Wall, Josephine, do.

Lawatt, Jane J.

[p. 108]

Laing, Catharine R., Bristol, Pa.

Law, Dr. John, 68 E. Broadway, N. Y.

Lafever, N. R., N. Y. City.

Lamborn, Jos. T., Chester co., Pa.

Lamborn, Pbebe Ann do.

Lang, Alexander, 888 Pearl st., N. Y.

Linton, Elizabeth C., Pa.

Lawrence, Chaz., N. Y.

Linton, Mahlon, Pa.

Lewis, Ed. W., Delaware co., Pa.

Lawrence, Dr. C. M., Port Jervis, N. Y.

Lecraft, J. H., New York City.

Leary, B. O., Newtown. N. J.

Lee, J. E., Clarkson, N. Y.

Lene, Edwin, Aurora, Ill.

Lee, Helen, 159 W. 86th st., N. Y.

Lester, Andrew, 19 William st., N. Y.

Leigh, C. C., 282 Bleeker st., N. Y.

Lent, David B., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Le Baron, C. B., 15 Laight st., N. Y.

Lewis, John J., 289 Sixth st., N. Y.

Linton, M. B., Newton, Bucks co., Pa.

Lloyd, Benj., Dolington, Bucks co., Pa.

Lockwood, Rev. L. C., 786 8th Avenue, N. Y.

Losee, H., Sebaylerville, N. Y.

Lombard, Chas., Corning, N. Y.

Loines, Caroline M., Williamsburg, N. Y.

Loweny, John, Washington Heights, N. Y.

Lyon, Hannah T.

Lumsden, John, 133 West Eighteenth st., N. Y.

Lockwood, Mrs. H. T.

Lupetra, Jos. W., New York City.

Lyle, Robert, Chester co., Pa.

Lyons, J., Montrose, Pa.

Lyons, Mrs., do.

Lyons, J. L., do.

Lyons, Sophia M., do

Mann, Eliza A., Mill Port, Potter co., Pa.

Manny, J. B., Newark City.

Mansfield, Rev. L. D., 167 Henry st., N. H.

Marsh, Hannah L., Newark, N. J.

Marcyes, D. P., Mt. Desert, Maine.

Martin, Miss Mary A.

Manson, Thomas, 19 Sullivun st., N. Y.

McDougall, Wm., Condersport, Potter co., Pa.

Mayo, Thomas, Jr., Mount Desert, Maine.

McDougal, Amanda, Condersport, Potter co., Pa.

McMasters, David, New York City.

McDougall, Catharine, Condersport, Potter co., Pa.

Merrill, Joseph, Danvers, Mass.

Merrill, Henry, Haverhill, N. H.

Merrick, John S., 200 Mulberry st., N. Y.

Merritt, George, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Merrill, Henry, Haverhill, N. H.

Miller, E. R., Richland, Mich.

Miller. W. H., D. C.

Mitchell, Mrs. Louisa, New York City

Marston, Margaret A., Williamsburg, L. I.

Mann, Joseph, MillPort, Potter co., Pa.

Marsh, Webster, Mariaville, N. Y.

Meehan, D., New York City

Miller, John, M. D., Truxton, Cortland co., N. Y.

Montgomery, Alexander,

Moseman, Mrs. Sarah.

Moore, H. T., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Morey, Phebe W., New York City.

Mott, Lydia, Albany, N. Y.

Moore, Bodney, Winsted, Conn.

Mount, W. T., 16 Morton st., N. Y.

Monday, David A., Milford, N. Y.,

Murphy, Elizabeth, Jersey City, N. J.

Mosquerier, Lewis, Greene Point, N. Y.

Moore, William E., Chester co., Pa.

Marsh, Sarah, do.

Mott, James, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mott, Lucretia. do.

Murphy, Wm. H., Jersey City. N. J.

Monroe, William C., Central Village, Conn.

Morse, H. A., Hollistow, Mass.

Markin, Margaret A., Williamsburg, N. Y.

Mendenhall, Aaron, Pa.

Mendenhall, Elwood, Pa.

Miles, Dr. Archibald, Cleveland, Ohio.

Mugagnos, Julian A., New York.

Morey, Shepard, Saratoga, co. N. Y.

Morey, Eliza, do.

Morey, Mary J., do.

Mayo, Thomas, Mt. Desert, Maine.

McAlister, Uretta E., Lawrence, Mass.

McKeenie, J., 615 6th Avenue, N. Y.

McDonald, Mrs. A. W., Mt. Vernoa. N. Y.

McKinsley, Mrs. E. A., Madisonville, Ohio.

McKinnon, John, New York City.

McDermott, Wm., 16 Wall st., N. Y.

McEldery, A. M. D., New York.

Nash. William, New York City.

Nash, A., do.

Noble, L. P., Fayetteville, N. Y.

North, C. C., 96 Chambers st., N. Y.

Nagle, John K., Minetta Lane, N. Y.

Nutman, S. N. 8 Fifth st., N. Y.

Orrell, E. P., 18 Wall st., N. Y.

Osborn, E. F., New York City.

Painter, Jacob, Delaware co., Pa.

Payne, R. W., N. Orleans, La.

Paine, Geo., P., Williamsburg, N. Y.

Parmly, Dr. Eleazer, 1 Bond st., N. Y.

Parmly, Mrs. E., 1 Bond st., N. Y.

Parmelee, D. S. Rev., 143 East 27th st., N. Y.

Patton, Abby, Hutchinson, South Orange, N. J.

Patton, Mrs.

Patterson Mrs. P. C., N. Y.

[p. 109]

Patterson, Violet, 471 12th st., N. Y.

Patten, N., N. Y. City

Palmer, B. R., Clintondale, N. Y.

Palmer, Lydia E., Madeira, N. Y.

Parsons, T., Buffalo, N. Y.

Palmer, J. G. Corning, N. Y.

Parmalee, Chas., Glenham, N. Y.

Palmer, C. S.

Perkins, Silas, Montrose, Pa.

Parker, O, Flint, Michigan.

Peek, Jay, Bridgeport, Conn.

Peck, Lewis, Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Pennock, Hannah, Kennet Sq., Pa.

Pennock, Edith, Kennet Sq., Pa.

Peck, Talmon S., Newtown, Pa.

Peck, Mrs., N. Y. City.

Peebles, J. M., Elmira, N. Y.

Pearce, Ashby, Syracuse, O. T.

Peebles, Rev. J. H., Oswego, N. Y.

Peirce, C. W. Philadelphia

Pellet, Sarah, Syracuse, N. Y.

Pennypacker, Isaac A., M. D., Chester co., Pa.

Phoenix, F. K., Delavan, Wisconsin

Pennock, Joanna, Chester co., Pa.

Phillips, Aaron, Newhope, Pa.

Penfield, Benj., Fairfield, N. Y.

Pickering, Rachael D., Newtown, Pa.

Pennypacker, Elijah F., Chester co., Pa.

Pickering, Chas., 11 Rivington st., N. Y.

Pierce, O. B., Rome, Oneida co., N. Y.

Pierce, Mary A. II., Pleasantville, N. Y.

Pierce, Sidney, Chester co., Pa.

Pickering, Mary, Newtown, Pa.

Peirce, Lukens, Chester co., Pa.

Pierce, Joshua, Bibering, Pa.

Peirce, Susan F., Chester co., Pa.

Pierce; Jas., Pleasantville, N. Y.

Pinkney, J. M., 70 Wall st., N. Y.

Pipes, Hy. C., N. Orleans, La.

Platt, A. W., Tompkins co., N. Y.

Pond, Elibu B., Coldwater, Mich.

Power, W. L., Farmington, Michigan

Parent, John, Schenectady, N. Y.

Powell, A. M., Ghait, N. Y.

Post, Elizabeth R., N. Hompstead, L. I.

Price, Isaac, Chester co., Pa.

Potter, Otis R., 11 Nossau st., N. Y.

Post, Joseph, N. Hempstead, L. I., N. Y.

Post, Catherine M., N. Hempstead, L. I., N. Y.

Post, A. L., Montrose, Pa.

Post, I. J., Newtown, Pa.

Post, E. C., Montrose, Pa.

Pollock, Dr. Jas., Newtown, Pa.

Powell, Ira, Illinois

Prince E., Conn.

Price, Susan, N. Y. City

Prentiss, Cyrus, N. Y. City

Preston, Ann, M. D., Chester co., Pa.

Pugh, Evan, Chester co., Pa.

Pusey, Sarah, East Marlboro, Pa.

Putnam, H. Lewis, Peckskill, N. Y.

Publes, Rev. J. M., Ithaca, N. Y.

Pusey, Ann, Sadsburyville, Chester Co., Pa.

Phalen, H. J., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Qua, John, 110 Hammond st., N. Y.

Ranney, E. P.

Randall, R. A., Truston, Cortland co., N. Y.

Randall, T. C. do. do.

Rand, Susan A., Mass.

Randall, M. B., Woodstock, Vt.

Rayne, N. Orleans

Raynor, Jas. W. Brooklyn, L. I., N. Y.

Randall, Nathl., Woodstock, Vt.

Rege, Titus, Newark, N. J.

Reed, Lewis, N. Y. City

Read, Timothy, 141 Mott st., N. Y.

Reede, Acsab, Salem, N. Y.

Rednay, W. B. C., N. Y. City.

Reed, Richard

Rhodes, Hiram M., Stanhope, N. J.

Rich, Mary S., 131 Nassau st., N. Y.

Richards, John, Chester co., Pa.

Rice, Laura P., Cazenovia, N. Y.

Rice, Philip, Corinth, N. Y.

Richmond, Marietta, Columbia co., N. Y.

Robbins, Mrs. A., Midddletown, Conn.

Ross, Samuel, W., 1017 Broadway, N. Y.

Ross, Samuel, 116 Chambers st., N. Y.

Ross, Caroline, do.

Romer Eliza, 67 Orchard st., N. Y.

Robio, Clarissa W., Buffalo, N. Y.

Rool, J. P., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Rogers, H. M. Worcester, Mass.

Roe, Edward, 104 W., 18th st., N. Y.

Russell, John, Lancashire, Pa.

Rend, C. F., Montrose, Pa.

Read, Mrs., do.

Sayre, Lydia, Warwick, N. Y.

Sabin, Joseph, Chesnut Hill, Pa.

Satterthwaite, Hannah, N. Y. City

Satterthwaite, Ass M., do.

Sanderson, J. S., Saratoga, N. Y.

Saunders, Mrs. W. T., Harrisburg, Pa.

Sargent, Frank, N. Y. City

Schemerhorn, Homer, Cartland co., N. Y.

Safford, F., Marengo, Ills.

Sandaver, J., 116 Nassau, N. Y.

Sunford, Hannah M., Morristown, N. Y.

Sawyer, John W., Port Byron, Cayuga co., N. Y.

Scott, Geo., Lansingburgh, N. Y.

Schumakeri, Newark, Ohio

Schuyler, Phillis C., Tompkins, N. Y.

Sherwood, 14 Esdridge st., N. Y.

[p. 110]

Shepard, Thomas S., 106 12th st., N. Y.

Sherwood, W. H. H., N. Y.

Seller, Edwin, Aurora, Ills.

Shepard C., N. Y.

Shepard, Mrs. Ann A., Tiflin City, Ohio

Shults, W. H., 132 8th Avenue

Sickles, Susan B., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Scely, James T. Oswego

Sickles, Robt. C., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Shepherd, Chas. O., China, Wyoming co., N. Y.

Simpson, Catharine, New York City

Slayback, J. D.

Simpson, Sarah, New York City

Skaats, Isaac B., 116 Columbia st., N. Y.

Smith, Mrs. W. B., South Brooklyn, L., N. Y.

Smith, William, Lyons, Ohio

Smith, W., Middleton, Bermuda

Smith, H. R., Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Smith, F. M. Miss, Sylvania, Pa.

Scantlebury, Edward, Williamsburgh, N. Y.

Schuyler, Catharine M., Forrestville, Pa.

Schuyler, Mary J., do.

Smith, J. T., Box 9,658, New York Ctiy.

Smith, William B., New York.

Smith, David, New York.

Smith, Debbie B., Pineville, Bucks co., Pa.

Snell, Rev. Nelson, 121 Hammond st., N. Y.

Snow, E. L., 158 Lexington Avenue, N. Y.

Sholes, C. C., Kenosha, Wis.

Snodgrass, J. E., Baltimore, Md.

Sonle, David, Ulster co., N. Y.

Spalding, Elizabeth L., Murcellus, Ononduga co., N. Y.

Shute, Mrs. H., Ithaca, N. Y.

Speakman, P. Y., Delaware co., Pa.

Shepard, Rufus, 200 Blecker at., N. Y.

Springstead, Mary, Cazenovia, N. Y.

Sprague, C. H., Fowler, N. Y.

Spencer, Anna W., Providence, R. I.

Spencer, William II., Milwaukie.

Stone, Lucy, West Brookfield, Mass.

Stansbury, E. A., Hanover st., N. Y.

Stewart, Jane I., Newark, N. J.

Stebbins, Dr. Sumner, Kennett Square, Pa.

Sturges, Sarah A., Sangerties, N. Y.

Stetson, Nathan, Chester co., Pa.

Sturges, R. R., Saugerties, N. Y.

Stebbins, Mary Ann, Pa.

Starr, H. H., New Fairfield.

Snowden, Isaac, N. J.

Start, E., N. J.

Starr, Mrs. E. A., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Storer, David, Williamsburg, I. I.

Snowden, Isaac, West Grove, Pa.

Stewart, William M., N. Y. City.

Stratton, Enoch, New York City.

Stratton, Amy, New York City.

Stratton, Mary A. do.

Stickland, W. W., 296 Browne st., N. Y.

Stickland, William E., 262 Broadway, N. Y.

Sugden, B., 28 Monroe st., N. Y.

Sugar, William D., Westchester co., Pa.

Sugar, Deborah, do.

Sulton, James, De Ruyter, N. Y.

Swift, Mrs. A. T., Penfield, Ohio.

Swift, William, do.

Taft, J. B., Trinity Building, N. Y.

Taylor, V. C., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Tate, William, 157 Eighth Avenue, N. Y.

Tait, R. S.

Taylor, T. Chalkley, Philadelphia, Pa.

Taylor, Benjamin, Pa.

Thompson, Leander, 12 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.

Taylor, Susanna, Pa.

Thomas, John, New York City.

Thompson, Mary Jane, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Thompson, Margaret, Albany, N. Y.

Thornal, Jeremiah, 150 Christopher St., N. Y.

Tilden, Martha J., Cleveland, Ohio.

Tompkins, Daniel, North Haverstraw, Rockland co., N. Y.

Townsend, J. S., Plainfield, N. Y.

Towle, David, Milton, Ulster co., N. Y.

Townsend, Tappau, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Townsend, S. P., 87 St. Mark's Place, N. Y.

Towsley, L. D., 167, West 16th st., N. Y.

Townsend, Mira, Philadelphia, Pa.

Travillu, Jonathan, Westchester, Pa.

Truesdell, Thomas, 101 Pearl st., N. Y.

Trul, George L., Litchfield, Maine.

Trall, Oliver, Syracuse, N. Y.

Truth, Sojourner, Northampton, Mass.

Trall, R. T., 15 Laight st., N. Y.

Trall, Emily, do.

Trescott, Isaac, Ohio.

Tubbs, Mrs., Williamsburg, N. Y.

Tyler, J. H., New York.

Underhill, H. W., New York City.

Van Antwerp, Rev. John, Amity, Allegany co N. Y.

Van Vleet, Mrs., New York City.

Van Zandt, Marie E., do.

Van Epps, Dr. J. P., Columbus, Ohio.

Van Dyke, John A., Kinderhook, N. Y.

Verrinder, William, Jersey City, N. J.

Wattles, John O., Ind.

Walton, Nathan, Chester co., Pa.

Walton, N. P., do.

Wasson, William, Lewellville, Ohio.

Walcott, Sybillah, Estontown, N. J.

Weston, W., St. John's, New Brunswick.

Wellington, Andrew, East Lexington, Mass.

[p. 111]

Webster, Edwin, Eden, Eric co., N. Y.

Webster, Ira, do.

Webb, Edward, Wilmington, Del.

Wheeler, C. B., 4 New st., N. Y.

Whiting, Mary, Canton, Ohio.

Whitman, J. J., Little Falls, Herkimer co., N. Y.

Whidden, John N., New York City.

Whipple, D. R., 76 Wall st., N. Y.

Whiting, Wm., Concord, Mass.

Whitney, Rev. D. S., Southboro, Mass.

White, H., Chicago, Ill.

Wilso, S., Oswego, N. Y.

Wilson, J. W., 1 Nassau st., N. Y.

Willet, Elius, Ulster co., N. Y.

Wines, Emily B.

Wilcox, James, New York City.

Williams, Thomas R., Alfred, N. Y.

Williams, John, Port Jervis, N. Y.

Williams, Rev. Melancthon R., Chicago, Ill.

Williams, Lucy G., New York City.

Williams, Eliza, do.

Williamson, Laura, New York.

Wilkes, Timothy, New York City.

Winslow, W. M., 6th Avenue, N. Y.

Wickman, J. H., Middletown, N. Y.

Westerveil, James, New York City.

Wilde, Sarah H., Saratoga, N. Y.

Williamson, James H., Richmond, Va.

Winslow, Clarissa H., New York City.

Wray, Charles, New York City.

Woodward, Robert, New Egypt, N. J.

Woodward, Emily, do.

Wood, Bay, Peters Creek, Lancaster co., Pa.

Wollaston, Chas., West Rutland, Vt.

Woodruff, T. M., 748 1-2 Broadway, N. Y.

Worthington, Wm., M. D., Chester Co., Pa.

Walton, Margaret B., do.

Worrall, Thomas do.

Watson, J. W., New York.

Wetmore, L., 14 Platt st., N. Y.

Williams, D. N., Buffalo, N. Y.

Wyatt, D., 34 E. Broadway, N. Y.

Woodward, D. W., Wappinger's Falls, N. Y.

Wright, Henry C., 21 Cornhill, Boston, Mass.

Wright, S. H., Dundee, N. Y.

Wright, Emma L., Saratoga, N. Y.

Westcott, Ann Eliza, Saratoga co., N. Y.

Wilbour, Isaac C., R. I.

Weston, Joseph, St. New York City.

Wick, D. J., Youngstown, Ohio.

Welch, Mrs. Mary, Watertown, N. Y.

White, John, 222 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.

Wilson, Mrs. Sarah M., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Welch, Priscilla, Watertown, N. Y.

Wilson, R., New York City.

Winslow, C. H. do.

Willis, Henry, 124 Eighth st., N. Y.

Whitehead, Wm., Chester co., Pa.

Wickersham, Phebe do.

Wyers, W. F., do.

Wickersham, N. H., do.

Wilson, Susan, do.

Yetman, Chester co., Pa.

Youman, Edward I., Saratoga co., N. Y.

Youman, Vincent, do.