Endnotes

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Introduction

1. See, for instance Karen Lee Callahan, "Dangerous Devices, Mysterious Times: Men, Women, and Birth Control in Early Twentieth-Century Japan" (PhD diss. University of California, Berkeley, 2004); Sabine Frühstück, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Helen M. Hopper, A New Woman of Japan: A Political Biography of Kato Shidzue (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Elise K. Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," in Society and State in Interwar Japan, ed. Elise K. Tipton (New York:, N.Y. Routledge, 1997), pp. 42-62.
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2. For example, James Reed gives the trip only a brief mention in The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984); and Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1992, reprint, 2007), pp. 245-46, the most definitive and complete biography, devotes only two pages to it. The most comprehensive treatments are in Lawrence Lader, The Margaret Sanger Story and the Fight for Birth Control (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955) and Sanger's two autobiographies: My Fight for Birth Control (New York, N.Y.: Farrar & Rinehart, 1931) and An Autobiography (New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1938), which all rely heavily on her journal entries but few other sources.
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3. Sanger, Autobiography, p. 316; William Snell, "Bertrand Russell at Keio University, July 1921" Modern Japan Study 14 (1997): 171-92; Hopper, New Woman of Japan, p. 22.
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4. Sanger, Autobiography, p. 299.
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5. Tipton, Society and State in Interwar Japan, pp. 3-5 (quote); Gary D. Allinson, The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 37-69.
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6. Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," pp. 46-48, 52-67; Shidzue Ishimoto, Facing Two Ways: The Story of My Life (New York, N.Y.: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935), pp. 183, 226-27; Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," pp. 46-47.
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7. Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," pp. 72, 78-79; Elise K. Tipton, Modern Japan: A Social and Political History (New York, N.Y.: Routlege, 2002), pp. 88-107.
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8. See, for instance, "Barred By Japan," Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 February 1922; "Tokio Bars Mrs. Sanger From Making Tour of Japan to Lecture on Birth Control," and "Our Undesired Emigrant," New York Times, 18 and 20 February 1922; "May Prohibit Sanger Debarking," Japan Advertiser, 18 February 1922.
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9. Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," pp. 44-45; Callahan, "Dangerous Devices, Mysterious Times," pp. 78-79; "Tokio Bars Mrs. Sanger," New York Times, 18 February 1922.
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10. Hopper, New Woman of Japan, pp. 22-23; "Margaret Sanger Lands After Investigation," Japan Advertiser, 11 March 1922; "Dangerous Thought," Japan Weekly Chronicle, 9 March 1922; Frühstück, Colonizing Sex, pp. 131-32.
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11. Frühstück, Colonizing Sex, pp. 131-32; Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," pp. 78-80; Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," pp. 47-48.
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12. The Comstock Act was the popular name of the "Act for the Suppression of Trade In, and Circulation of Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use," passed by Congress in 1873. The Act specifically prohibited the distribution of information and articles for the prevention of conception. Sanger founded the American birth control movement in part as a response to her prosecutions under the Act. The federal law was supplemented by a series of state laws that also banned the distribution of contraceptive information and materials. (Sanger, Autobiography, p. 325; Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," pp. 49-50; Janet Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 288-89. For more on the Comstock Act of 1873, see also "Why Did Congressional Lobbying Efforts Fail to Eliminate Contraception from Obscenity Laws, 1916-1937?", a document project available at this website.
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13. Frühstück, Colonizing Sex, pp. 134-35; Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," pp. 57-60.
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14. In Japan, the Peers, the five ranks of male Japanese nobility (prince, marquis, count, viscount and baron) gathered as the Peer's Club (Kazoku-kaikan) in the former Rokumeikan, a Western-style mansion built in 1883 to host visitors in European style. See Janet E. Hunter, comp., Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 167; Ellen P. Conant, Challenging Past and Present, the Metamorphosis of Nineteenth Century Japanese Art (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006), pp. 230-32.
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15. Shidzue Kato, A Fight for Women's Happiness: Pioneering the Family Planning Movement in Japan (Tokyo: Japanese Organization for International Cooperation in Family Planning, 1984), p. 55.
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16. Kato, A Fight for Women's Happiness, p. 55.
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17. Kato, A Fight for Women's Happiness, p. 52.
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18. Tipton, "Birth Control and the Population Problem," pp. 51-52; Kato, A Fight for Women's Happiness, pp. 26-27.
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Document 13

19. Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 173-75.
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Document 19

20. "People and Events," Japan Times & Mail, 13 March 1922.
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Document 22

21. Margaret Sanger, "Margaret Sanger in Japan," Birth Control Review 6, no. 6 (June 1922): 102.
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Document 24

22. Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," p. 97; Hopper, New Woman of Japan, p. 26.
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Document 25

23. Sanger, Autobiography, p. 331.
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Document 27

24. "Police Veto Halts Birth Control Talk," New York Times, 14 November 1921, p. 1, and "Birth Control Raid Made by Police on Archbishop's Orders," New York Times, 15 November 1921, p. 1; "Filled Theatre Applauds Talk on Birth Control," New York Tribune, 19 November 1921, p. 6.
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Document 36

25. An edited version of this conference paper was printed in the Birth Control Review 7, no.1 (January 1923): 9, 17. Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," pp. 100-101.
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Document 37

26. For other articles and speeches written on her experience, see "Address to the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference," 13 July 1922, in Raymond Pierpont, ed., Report of the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference, Kingsway Hall, London, July 11th to 14th, 1922 (London: W. Heineman, 1922), p. 206; "Margaret Sanger in Japan," Birth Control Review 6, no. 6 (June 1922): 102-03 (reel S70, frame 934 of the Margaret Sanger Microfilm Edition), and "The New Woman of Japan," 1923 (reel 130, frame 238 of the Margaret Sanger Papers, Library of Congress microfilm).
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Document 38

27. For Sanger's full response to this letter, see Margaret Sanger to Shidzue Ishimoto, 22 February 1923 (reel 18, frame 994, Margaret Sanger Papers, Library of Congress microfilm).
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Introduction to Supplementary Documents

28. Takeda Hiroko, Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan (New York: Routledge, 2005), pp. 51-57.
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29. See Tipton. "Birth Control and the Population Problem," p. 42.
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Document 40

30. Callahan, "Dangerous Devices," 22, 68; Sanger, Autobiography, 316; "Protection Planned at Birth Control Talk," New York Times, Jan. 25, 1922, p. 36 [quotes 1 and 2]; 1922 Calendar (LCM 18: 965; Mrs. Sanger Answers to Love Call," Los Angeles Times, 6 February 1922 and "Japan Won't Admit Mrs. Sanger, Head of Birth Control League," New York Tribune, 18 February 1922 [quote 3].
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Document 41

31. For more on this, see Clair Ousley, "Mrs. Sanger as Japan Sees Her," in Document 35; Malia Sedgwick Johnson, "Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in Japan" (Ph.D dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1987), pp. 54-58.
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Document 42

32. Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia; Callahan, "Dangerous Devices, pp. 53-66; for Japanese coverage see "Mrs. Sanger Will Soon Visit Japan," Yomiuri Shinbun, 6 February 1922 (Document 2).
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Document 43

33. "Margaret Sanger, Advocate of Birth Control, Halted in S. F. by Japanese Order," San Francisco Chronicle, 18 Feb 1922. p. 13.
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Document 44

34. "Birth Control Leader Fights Japanese Ban," San Francisco Chronicle, 19 February 1922, p. 3.
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