What Were the Origins of International Women's Day, 1886-1920?
Endnotes
1. Temma Kaplan, "Commentary on the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day," Feminist Studies, 11 (Spring 1985), pp. 163-71.
Back to Text
2. For the Eight-Hour Movement see Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 188-95. The issue of a "fair" day's wage for shorter hours continued to be contentious. See, for example, the strike of women textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, to protest wage cuts instituted by their employers when a Massachusetts state law went into effect reducing their weekly hours of labor. (See Women and the Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912 )
Back to Text
3. See Robert Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868-1900 (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1997) and Ellen Fitzpatrick, Muckraking: Three Landmark Articles (Boston: Bedford, 1994).
Back to Text
4. See Philip S. Foner, May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886-1986 (New York: International Publishers, 1986); Ellen M. Litwicki, America's Public Holidays, 1865-1920 (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000); Michelle Perrot, "The First of May 1890 in France: The Birth of a Working Class Ritual," in Part Thane, Geoffrey Cossick, and Roderick Floud, The Power of the Past: Essays for Eric Hobsbawn (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 144; Kaplan, "Commentary." For the Second International see James Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975) and Paul Buhle, "Second International," in Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Left (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 734-35.
Back to Text
5. For more on this context in the U.S., see Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 223.
Back to Text
6. For more on these laws, called Vereingesetze, see Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1993 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), pp. 33-34, 36, 90.
Back to Text
7. Ellen DuBois, Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 92-101; Frances Diodato Bzowski, "Spectacular Suffrage: Or, How Women Came Out of the Home and into the Streets and Theaters of New York City to Win the Vote," New York History, 76 (January 1995), pp. 57-94.
Back to Text
8. See Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in Southern States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 100-32.
Back to Text
9. On the WTUL, see Nancy Schrom Dye, As Equals and As Sisters: Feminism, Unionism, and the Women's Trade Union League of New York (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980); Annelise Orleck, Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 53-121.
Back to Text
10. For more on Zetkin, see Jean H. Quataert, Reluctant Feminists in German Social Democracy, 1885-1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); Phillip S. Foner, ed., Clara Zetkin: Selected Writings (New York: International Publishers, 1984).
Back to Text
11. Kaplan, "Commentary."
Back to Text
12. For more on Kollontai, see Barbara Evans Clements, Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979).
Back to Text
13. Gisela Brinker-Gabler, "The Women's Movement in the German Empire--The Revolution Dismisses her Children," in Ingeborg Drewitz, ed., The German Women's Movement (Bonn: Hohwacht, 1983), p. 66.
Back to Text
14. Buhle, Women and American Socialism, p. 223.
Back to Text
15. Buhle, Women and American Socialism, p. 223.
Back to Text
16. Buhle, "Second International," p. 148.
Back to Text
17. Buhle, "Second International," p. 148.
Back to Text