Endnotes 1. Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 104.
2. Herbert H. Lou, Juvenile Courts in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1927), pp. 19, 22, 24.
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Back to Text 3. David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (New York: Harper Collins, 1980), p. 213.
Back to Text 4. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, p. 209.
Back to Text5. International Prison Commission, Children's Courts in the United States: Their Origin, Development, and Results (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), p. xiii.
Back to Text6. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, pp. 216-17.
Back to Text7. International Prison Commission,Children's Court in the United States, p. xiii.
Back to Text8. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, p. 220.
Back to Text9. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, pp. 218-19.
Back to Text10. Elizabeth J. Clapp, Mothers of All Children: Women Reformers and the Rise of Juvenile Courts in Progressive Era America (University Park: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), Chapter 2.
Back to Text11. Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), p. 48.
Back to Text12. Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work, pp. 43-5.
Back to Text13. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, p. 212.
Back to Text14. Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work, pp. 43-4.
Back to Text15. Hazel Hillis Modine, "A Biography of Cora Bussey Hillis," pp. 8-9. (need more information for this source)
Back to Text16. Modine, "A Biography of Cora Bussey Hillis," p. 13.
Back to Text17. Anne Meis Knupfer, Reform and Resistance: Gender, Delinquency, and America's First Juvenile Courts (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 81. Quote cited in Joan Gittens, Poor Relations: The Children of the State of Illinois, 1818-1990 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), p. 116.
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